Supporting Information to Yannelliet al., Limiting similarity and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis: understanding the drivers of biotic resistance against invasive plant species

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Fig S1: Classification of nativeand invasive species into three functional groupsaccording to trait similarity.

Fig. S2:Phylogeny of all native and both invasive species used in this study.

Table S1:Results of Abouheif’s test for the four quantitative traits used in the FG classification.

Table S2:Species composition of the three experimental communities.

Data accessibility

Readme for dataset Limiting similarity and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis

First-exp-Yannelli-et-al-Oecologia.xls: Data generated during the first experiment included in this study.

Second-exp-Yannelli-et-al-Oecologia: Data generated during the second experiment considered for this study.

Fig. S1Classification of 54 grassland species and two invasive plant species (IAS) by trait similarity into three functional groups. Clustering is based on the selected functional traits (canopy height at maturity, life form, shoot morphology, root morphology, leaf dry matter, specific leaf area, seed mass and longevity), using Gower’s similarity coefficient among species and the Ward linkage method.


Fig. S2Phylogeny of all native and both invasive species used in this study, generated by using as backbone a phylogenetic tree of all angiosperms from Zanneet al. (2014). Colours indicate the invasive species (light blue) and to which functional group each native species belongs according to the cluster analysis (see also Fig. 1 and Table S3).

Table S1 Species composition of the three experimental communities.

Community / Species / Family
FG1 / Achilleamillefolium / Asteraceae
FG1 / Agrostiscapillaris / Poaceae
FG1 / Brachypodiumpinnatum / Poaceae
FG1 / Briza media / Poaceae
FG1 / Campanula rapunculoides / Campanulaceae
FG1 / Festucarubra / Poaceae
FG1 / Helictotrichonpubescens / Poaceae
FG1 / Poaangustifolia / Poaceae
FG1 / Potentillatabernaemontani / Rosaceae
FG1 / Prunellagrandiflora / Lamiceae
FG2a / Anthyllisvulneraria / Fabaceae
FG2a / Buphthalmumsalicifolium / Asteraceae
FG2a / Campanula rotundifolia / Campanulaceae
FG2a / Carexflacca / Cyperaceae
FG2a / Festucaovina / Poaceae
FG2a / Genistatinctoria / Fabaceae
FG2a / Helianthemumnummularium / Cistaceae
FG2a / Hieraciumpilosella / Asteraceae
FG2a / Sanguisorba minor / Rosaceae
FG2a / Thymus praecox / Lamiaceae
FG2b / Agrimoniaeupatoria / Rosaceae
FG2b / Anthericumramosum / Anthericaceae
FG2b / Betonicaofficinalis / Lamiaceae
FG2b / Centaureascabiosa / Asteraceae
FG2b / Dactylisglomerata / Poaceae
FG2b / Hippocrepiscomosa / Fabaceae
FG2b / Luzulacampestris / Juncaceae
FG2b / Pimpinella saxifrage / Apiaceae
FG2b / Teucriummontanum / Lamiaceae
FG2b / Trifoliumpratense / Fabaceae
FG3 / Asperulacynanchica / Rubiaceae
FG3 / Clinopodiumvulgare / Lamiaceae
FG3 / Galium album / Rubiaceae
FG3 / Leontodonincanus / Asteraceae
FG3 / Linumperenne / Linaceae
FG3 / Lotus corniculatus / Fabaceae
FG3 / Plantago media / Plantaginaceae
FG3 / Prunella vulgaris / Lamiceae
FG3 / Securigeravaria / Fabaceae
FG3 / Veronica chamaedrys / Scrophulariaceae

Table S2 Results of Abouheif’s test for the four quantitative traits used in the classification of functional groups. Traits holding significant phylogenetic signal are shown in bold.

Functional trait / Obs. / Std. Obs. / P value
Seed mass (mg) / 0.19 / 2.11 / 0.03
Height at maturity (m) / 0.11 / 1.48 / 0.08
SLA (mm2 mg-1) / 0.06 / 0.83 / 0.20
Leaf mass (mg) / 0.23 / 2.47 / 0.01

Readme for dataset Limiting similarity and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis

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Data for: Yannelliet al., Limiting similarity and Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis: understanding the drivers of biotic resistance against invasive plant species.

Description:

The data file First-exp-Yannelli-et-al-Oecologia contains information on total aboveground biomass of both native and invasive species, weighted mean phylogenetic distance of each invasive species to the native community and the phylogenetic distance to the most abundant native species of each community (Thuiller et al. 2010). The data is shown for each treatment combination.

Short description of the dataset columns:

Community: Identity of the native community resulting from the classification of grassland species being clustered into funcional groups according to eight functional traits (i.e. FG1, FG2, FG3). Two communities were assembled from FG2, therefore indicated as FG2a and FG2b.

IAS: Invasive alien species used in this study, namely Ambrosia artemisiifolia (amb art) and Solidago gigantea (sol gig).

Prop-press: Propagule pressure of the invasive species, which had the two levels high vs low (HP, LP).

Replicate: Number of replicate of the treatment combination.

Nbiomass: Total aboveground biomass for all the native species in that treatment combination.

IASbiomass: Total aboveground biomass for the invasive species in that treatment combination.

WMDNS: Weighted mean phylogenetic distance of each invasive species to the native community.

DMANS: Phylogenetic distance of the invasive species to the most abundant native species of each community.

The data file Second-exp-Yannelli-et-al-Oecologia contains information ontotal aboveground biomass of both native and invasive species, the relative competition index (RCI) calculated for the invasive species biomass, phylogenetic distance and trait cluster distance between the two competing species in the pair-wise experiment.

Short description of the dataset columns:

Native species: Identity of the grassland species used in the pair-wise experiment..

IAS: Invasive alien species used in this study, namely Ambrosia artemisiifolia (amb art) and Solidago gigantea (sol gig).

Replicate: Number of replicate of the treatment combination.

FG: Native community where the native species was included in after the cluster analysis, according to eight functional traits.

Nbiomass: Total aboveground biomass for all the native species in that treatment combination.

IASbiomass: Total aboveground biomass for the invasive species in that treatment combination.

Phyl-dist: Phylogenetic distance between the two competing species (i.e. the native and the IAS).

Trait-dist: Trait distance between the two competing species (i.e. the native and the IAS) after being submitted to a cluster analysis based on eight functional traits.

References: Thuiller, W., Gallien, L., Boulangeat, I., De Bello, F., Münkemüller, T., Roquet, C., & Lavergne, S. (2010). Resolving Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: a quest for evidence. Diversity and Distributions, 16(3), 461-475. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00645.x

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