Supplementary table 1. The information of pepper germplasm used in this study

Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
1 / 5502 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
2 / 9852-193 AVRDC 211 / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM1
3 / Bulgarian Carrot / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM1
4 / Capistrano / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
5 / CO5010 / C. annuum / SNU / Germany / pvrHRM1
6 / Criollos de morelos 334 / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM1
7 / CV3 / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM1
8 / Dove italiana / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM1
9 / Early Red sweet / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
10 / Edesalma / C. annuum / SNU / Hungary / pvrHRM1
11 / Hot Piman / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
12 / Jalapeno Roco / C. chinense / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
13 / JMAV-B / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM1
14 / Jmavelara 12/99 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
15 / LAM 32 / C. annuum / SNU / France / pvrHRM1
16 / Mulato Isleno / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
17 / PBC 122 / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM1
18 / PI 159234 / C. chinense / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
19 / PI 271322 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
20 / Pretty Purple / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
21 / Scotch Bonnet / C. chinense / SNU / Jameica / pvrHRM1
22 / Super Hot / C. chinense / SNU / South America / pvrHRM1
23 / Tabasco / C. frutescens / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1
24 / 26-7-4-2 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
25 / 387-ONG / C. annuum / SNU / Maleysia / pvrHRM1+
26 / 388-ONG / C. annuum / SNU / Maleysia / pvrHRM1+
27 / 409 7586 / C. annuum / SNU / China / pvrHRM1+
28 / 411 7593 / C. annuum / SNU / China / pvrHRM1+
29 / 412 5110 / C. annuum / SNU / China / pvrHRM1+
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
30 / Andrea / C. annuum / SNU / Slovakia / pvrHRM1+
31 / Arian / C. annuum / SNU / Holland / pvrHRM1+
32 / Azr / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
33 / Baramashi / C. annuum / SNU / Japan / pvrHRM1+
34 / Beldi / C. annuum / SNU / Tunisia / pvrHRM1+
35 / BIRD"S EYE / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM1+
36 / Calatuco / C. annuum / SNU / Argentina / pvrHRM1+
37 / Canada cheese / C. annuum / SNU / Canada / pvrHRM1+
38 / CAP 178/177 / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM1+
39 / Carolina Wonder / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
40 / Cascabella / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
41 / Cayenne chile / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
42 / Chile picnte 1045 / C. annuum / SNU / Costa Rica / pvrHRM1+
43 / Chilsungcho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM1+
44 / Chinda2 / C. annuum / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM1+
45 / chitawn / C. annuum / SNU / Nepal / pvrHRM1+
46 / Choco Pepper / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
47 / Chocolate cherry / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
48 / Cipanas / C. annuum / SNU / Indonesia / pvrHRM1+
49 / Citrina / C. annuum / SNU / Slovakia / pvrHRM1+
50 / CO 0725 / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM1+
51 / CO 1857 / C. annuum / SNU / Iran / pvrHRM1+
52 / CO 2028 / C. annuum / SNU / Turkey / pvrHRM1+
53 / CO0799 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
54 / Dedo de moca / C. annuum / SNU / Brazil / pvrHRM1+
55 / Determinant type / C. annuum / SNU / Korea / pvrHRM1+
56 / EU015 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
57 / EU016 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
58 / EU017 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
59 / EU018 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
60 / EU019 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
61 / EU021 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
62 / FIPS / C. annuum / SNU / Holland / pvrHRM1+
63 / Golden Cal Wonder / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
64 / Golden cayenne / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
65 / Guajilo ancho / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM1+
66 / Guasillo / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
67 / Guundilla larga amarilla / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
68 / Hanulcho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM1+
69 / HRF / C. annuum / SNU / China / pvrHRM1+
70 / Huay sithon / C. annuum / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM1+
71 / India 1 / C. annuum / SNU / India / pvrHRM1+
72 / Javitott bogyiszloi / C. annuum / SNU / Hungary / pvrHRM1+
73 / JOVA / C. annuum / SNU / Czech / pvrHRM1+
74 / Kalocsa V-2 / C. annuum / SNU / South America / pvrHRM1+
75 / Karkovskij / C. annuum / SNU / Russia / pvrHRM1+
76 / KC 217 / C. annuum / SNU / Korea / pvrHRM1+
77 / KG / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
78 / Macskapires / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
79 / Macskasarga / C. annuum / SNU / Hungary / pvrHRM1+
80 / Mak Phed Lepmevnang / C. annuum / SNU / Laos / pvrHRM1+
81 / Maleysia1 / C. annuum / SNU / Maleysia / pvrHRM1+
82 / Merah / C. annuum / SNU / Maleysia / pvrHRM1+
83 / Montego / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
84 / Para vinagre / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
85 / PBC 458 / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM1+
86 / PBC646/PBC378*5 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
87 / PBC725 / C. annuum / SNU / Papua New guinea / pvrHRM1+
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
88 / PBC977 / C. annuum / SNU / Israel / pvrHRM1+
89 / Pepperoncini / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM1+
90 / Peter pepper / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
91 / Poblano / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM1+
92 / PP1993 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
93 / Punjab small Hot / C. annuum / SNU / India / pvrHRM1+
94 / Red chilli / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
95 / Starburst / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
96 / Sweet banana / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
97 / Szeged1 cseresznye / C. annuum / SNU / Hungary / pvrHRM1+
98 / Szeged1 csip0mentes 47- / C. annuum / SNU / Hungary / pvrHRM1+
99 / TCO6254 / C. annuum / SNU / Uganda / pvrHRM1+
100 / Thailand 1 / C. annuum / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM1+
101 / Tuzgolyo / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM1+
102 / Yolo Wonder / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM1+
103 / 21671 / C. annuum / SNU / Tanzania / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
104 / Avelar 2001 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
105 / Black prince / C. annuum / SNU / UK / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
106 / Bolivian rainbow / C. annuum / SNU / Bolivia / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
107 / C00086 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
108 / C00098 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Thailand / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
109 / C00874 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
110 / C01218 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Egypt / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
111 / Carillina cayenne / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
112 / Chili serrano / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
113 / Chocolate beauty / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
114 / CO 0726 / C. annuum / SNU / Italy / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
115 / CO 1586 / C. annuum / SNU / China / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
116 / CO1436 / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
117 / CO1884 / C. frutescens / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
118 / Del Ray Bell / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
119 / Dempsey / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
120 / Filus blue / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
121 / Flavr2 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
122 / Hot Portugal / C. annuum / SNU / Portugal / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
123 / HS-2 / C. annuum / SNU / Yugoslavia / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
124 / Kathmandu-1 / C. annuum / SNU / Nepal / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
125 / LUENG6 / C. annuum / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
126 / Malagueta / C. frutescens / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
127 / NARC-4 / C. annuum / SNU / Pakistan / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
128 / Nose gay / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
129 / Onamental3 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
130 / ORB(Y) / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
131 / Pequin / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
132 / Peru 1-2-1 / C. annuum / SNU / Peru / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
133 / PI 342948 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
134 / PI 467 / C. annuum / SNU / Israel / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
135 / Poinsettia / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
136 / Redlands sweet sue / C. annuum / SNU / Austrailia / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
137 / Santa fe grand5 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
138 / Swedish / C. annuum / SNU / Russia / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
139 / Twilight / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
140 / Verdel / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
141 / VR-4 / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
142 / Yatsufusa / C. annuum / SNU / Japan / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
143 / Yolo Y / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM11 or pvrHRM12
144 / Bangkok / C. pubescens / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM13
145 / C01323 / C. pubescens / AVRDC / Guatemala / pvrHRM13
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
146 / C01324 / C. pubescens / AVRDC / Peru / pvrHRM13
147 / Habanero(red) / C. chinense / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM13
148 / Agronomico 10G / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
149 / Ancho / C. annuum / SNU / Mexico / pvrHRM13
150 / Avella / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
151 / Big Bertha PS Hybrid / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM13
152 / C00044 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM13
153 / C04398-A / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM13
154 / C04399-B / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM13
155 / Charleston Belle / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
156 / Cheongi / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM13
157 / Giant Szegedi / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM13
158 / Jamaican Yellow / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
159 / Japoneb / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
160 / Medusa Hybrid / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM13
161 / Numex sunset / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM13
162 / Sport / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM13
163 / Thai Hot / C. annuum / SNU / Thailand / pvrHRM13
164 / C00313 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Ecuador / pvrHRM13
165 / JMAV-C / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM13
166 / PI 505 / C. annuum / SNU / Taiwan / pvrHRM13
167 / Rama / C. annuum / SNU / Nicaragua / pvrHRM13
168 / Yuwolcho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM13
169 / Tura / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM13
170 / C01374 / C. pubescens / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM13
171 / C01572 / C. pubescens / AVRDC / Guatemala / pvrHRM13
172 / Bahamian Hot / C. chinense / SNU / Jameica / pvrHRM14
173 / C00050 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM14
174 / C00065 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / unkown / pvrHRM14
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
175 / C00087 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM14
176 / C00307 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM14
177 / C00737 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM14
178 / C00915 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Cuba / pvrHRM14
179 / C00941 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Peru / pvrHRM14
180 / C01220 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Germany / pvrHRM14
181 / C01298 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM14
182 / C01304 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM14
183 / C01555 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM14
184 / C01557 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM14
185 / C01611 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Netherlands / pvrHRM14
186 / C01737 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Netherlands / pvrHRM14
187 / C02432 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM14
188 / C04399 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM14
189 / C04400 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM14
190 / Dahwacho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM14
191 / Ibam / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM14
192 / KC296 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM14
193 / Seokbocho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM14
194 / Subicho / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM14
195 / Tojong / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM14
196 / C00088 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM15
197 / C00090 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM15
198 / C00475 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM15
199 / C00491 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Philippines / pvrHRM15
200 / C00550 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Thailand / pvrHRM15
201 / C00647 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM15
202 / C00649 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM15
203 / C00653-1 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Honduras / pvrHRM15
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
204 / C00657 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Honduras / pvrHRM15
205 / C00683 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Guatemala / pvrHRM15
206 / C00738 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM15
207 / C00774 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Union of Soviet Socialist Republics / pvrHRM15
208 / C00803 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM15
209 / C00886 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / El Salvador / pvrHRM15
210 / C00966 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Peru / pvrHRM15
211 / C01728 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM15
212 / C04068 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
213 / C04388 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM15
214 / C04389 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM15
215 / C04390 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
216 / C04391 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
217 / C04392 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
218 / C04394 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
219 / C04395 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Bolivia / pvrHRM15
220 / C05641 / C. chacoense / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM15
221 / Jamaican Hot Chocolate / C. annuum / Tomto growers co. / USA / pvrHRM15
222 / Pung-gak / C. annuum / YOUNGYANG* / Korea / pvrHRM15
223 / Aji Duloe / C. baccatum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM16
224 / C00669 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM16
225 / Piquillo / C. annuum / SNU / France / pvrHRM16
226 / C00773 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Chile / pvrHRM17
227 / C01172 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / France / pvrHRM17
228 / C01248 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM17
229 / C01686 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United States of America / pvrHRM17
230 / C01692 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Argentina / pvrHRM17
231 / C02667 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM17
232 / C03783 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Ecuador / pvrHRM17
Order / Accession name / Species / Agency / Origin / Allele
233 / C00948 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM18
234 / C01662 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Paraguay / pvrHRM18
235 / C00276 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Netherlands / pvrHRM19
236 / C00306 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM19
237 / C01742 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Netherlands / pvrHRM19
238 / C00309 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Unknown / pvrHRM110
239 / C00546 / C. frutescens / AVRDC / Thailand / pvrHRM111
240 / Perennial HDV / C. annuum / SNU / India / pvrHRM111
241 / C00950 / C. praetermissum / AVRDC / United Kingdom / pvrHRM112
242 / Onamental1 / C. frutescens / SNU / USA / pvrHRM112
243 / C03946 / C. baccatum / AVRDC / Costa Rica / pvrHRM113
244 / CO 1727 / C. annuum / SNU / El salvador / pvrHRM114
245 / Chilie de arbol / C. annuum / SNU / USA / pvrHRM114
246 / Puerto rico wonder / C. annuum / SNU / Puerto Rico / pvrHRM114
247 / Russian / C. annuum / SNU / Russia / pvrHRM114
248 / Paul smith & quot; s serrano 1534 / C. annuum / SNU / Unknown / pvrHRM115

Supplementary table 2. Effects of EMS concentrations on seed germination rate, and fruit fertility.