Supplementary Table 1: Some Important Pharmacologically Important Constituents Detected
Supplementary Table 1: Some important pharmacologically important constituents detected via GC-MS analysis of phyto-extracts of control and s-UV-B treated Withania somnifera leaves and roots.
Compound name / Pharmacological Importance/medicinal applications / ReferenceEugenol / Analgesic, anesthetic, has sedative and anodyne effects, antibacterial, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-platelet and calcium inhibitory properties, inhibits lipid peroxidation, neuroprotective, vasodilatory and cytotoxic effects / Chen et al, 1996; Sarrami et al, 2002; Guénette et al, 2007; He et al, 2007
Neophytadiene / Antifungal, antibacterial / Jualang et al, 2013
Perhydrofarnesyl acetone / Antibacterial / Sanches et al, 2005; Yayli et al, 2006
3-Eicosyne / Nutrient /
Methyl palmitate / Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, hemolytic, vasodilator (acts as retina-derived relaxing factor), cyto-toxic / Lee et al, 2010; Reddy et al, 2013; Basu et al, 2014
Isophytol / Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal / Tao et al, 2013
Palmitic acid / Antibacterial, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, prevents atherosclerosis / Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
Methyl linoleate / ------/ ------
Methyl stearate / Cyto-toxic, anti-diarrheal, anti-proliferative / Kuppuswamy et al, 2013; Reddy et al, 2013
Linolenic acid / Moderately cardio-protective, treatment of rheumatic arthritis, diabetes, renal diseases, skin cancer and depression (α-linolenic acid); treatment of skin diseases, diabetes, reproductive disorders, inflammatory and auto-immune disorders, cardiovascular disorders, viral infections, and cancer (γ-linolenic acid) / Horrobin, 1992; Pan et al, 2012; Shanthi and Gowri, 2012
Stearic acid / Hypocholesterolemic, cardio-protective / Kelly et al, 2001
Ethyl stearate / Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-histaminic, anti-eczemic, anti-acne, anti-androgenic, anti-arthritic, cardioprotective, perturbs cell cycle and induced apoptosis in Hep-G2 cells / Kanimozhi and Bai, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
Nonacosane / Anti-hypertensive, vasodilatory, angiotensin AT2 receptor antagonist, saluretic / Mallikadevi et al, 2012
Myristic acid / Treatment of androgenetic alopecia (hair loss) / Mccoy and Ziering, 2012
Oleyl alcohol / Controls obesity by preventing intestinal absorption of long-chain fatty acids, involved in induction of apoptosis / Murota et al, 2000; Lagace and Ridgway, 2005
trans-squalene / Antioxidant, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, sunscreen, immunostimulant, lipoxygenase-inhibitor, regulates cholesterol metabolism / Kelly, 1999; Kadoma et al, 2006; Huang et al, 2009; Thanga Krishna Kumari et al, 2012
δ-tocopherol / Antioxidant, anticancer, cholesterol lowering / Xu et al, 2012
Crinosterol / Angiogenic, wound healing / Parvathavarthini and Uma, 2014
β-Stigmasterol / Anti-osteoarthritic, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, hepato-protective, thyroid-inhibitory / Basu et al, 2014
Dibutyl phthalate / Antimicrobial / Basu et al, 2014
Ethyl palmitate / Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepato-protective, antioxidant, expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2, increase in cytosolic Ca2+ / Hamidi et al, 2012; Kanimozhi et al, 2012
Ethyl linoleate / Anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective / Chan et al, 2013; Basu et al, 2014
Cholesterol / Insulation of nerves, component of lipids and cell membranes, optimum production of certain hormones, high concentrations: coronary heart diseases and stroke / Ma, 2004; Orth and Bellosta, 2012
Withaferin A / Anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, anti-stress, anti-convulsant, neuropharmacological activity, anti-hyperglycemic, musculotropic, antioxidant, anti-ageing, hepato-protective, angiogenic, wound healing, treatment of osteoporosis / Uddin et al, 2012; Lee et al, 2010; Roy et al, 2013; Khedgikar et al, 2013
Geranylgeraniol / Antinociceptive and anti-platelet activity, anti-leishmanial activity, cytotoxic, anti-cancer / Gibbs et al, 1999; Spindola et al, 2010; Lopes et al, 2012.
Solanesol / Precursor for the biosynthesis of vitamin K analogues, Vitamin E, and Co-enzyme Q9, anti-ulcer, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-tumor, cardiac stimulant, antibiotic, cardioprotective / Kolowick and Kaplan, 1975; Srivastava et al, 2009
Stigmasterol acetate / Antinociceptive, analgesic / Gohari et al, 2011
β-Carotene / Singlet oxygen quencher and free radical scavenger, anti-cancer / Krinsky and Johnson, 2005; Huang et al, 2009
Brassicasterol / Reduces blood cholesterol levels / Cheng et al, 2013
Vitamin E / Anti-ageing, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hepato-protective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-ulcer, vasodilator, anti-spasmodic, anti-bronchitic, cardio-protective, protection against UV-B induced carcinogenesis / Huang et al, 2009; Imounan et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014
Lycopene / Antioxidant, anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-hypertensive, immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, hormonal regulation, prevention of osteoporosis / Palozza et al, 2011; El-Raey et al, 2013
Campesterol / Antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic / Basu et al, 2014
2,4-Ditert-butyl phenol / Antifungal / Dharni et al, 2014
α-Selinene / ------/ ------
Ledol / Cell growth inhibitor, restorative / Spiridonov et al, 2005
Phytol / Antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, diuretic, decreases blood cholesterol / Shanthi and Gowri, 2012; Thanga Krishna Kumari et al, 2012; Jualang et al, 2013
Tridecanal / ------/ ------
1-nonadecene / Anti-cancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial / Renukadevi et al, 2011; Kuppuswamy et al, 2013
2,6,10,15-Tetramethyl-heptadecane / ------/ ------
Methyl oleate / ------/ ------
Ethyl (9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoate / ------/ ------
Ethyl oleate / Anti-inflammatory, anti-androgenic, anti-cancer, dermatitigenic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-anemic / Basu et al, 2014
Ethyl docosanoate / Antibody production / Jain et al, 2012
Podocarpic acid / Acid and its derivatives are anticancerous, oestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and cholesterol lowering / Parish and Miles, 1984; Liu et al, 2005; McKee et al, 2014
Methyl behenate / ------/ ------
Ethyl behenate / ------/ ------
Hexatriacontane / Antioxidant / Marrufo et al, 2013
Tetratetracontane / ------/ ------
Dotriacontane / Anti-tuberculosis / Higuchi et al, 2011
Retinol / Treatment of acne and cancer / Huang et al, 2009
Sitosteryl oleate / Cholesterol lowering / Mattson et al, 1982
Podocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-ol / ------/ ------
Phthalic acid / Antimicrobial, anti-tumor / Jain et al, 2012; Basu et al, 2014