Supplementary Table 1|Phenetic studies of plant species. Life history (A = annual; P = perennial; W = tree, shrub, or woody vine), mating system (A = asexual; O = outcrossing or mixed mating; S = primarily selfing), polyploidy? (A = not reported; P = present), hybridization? (A = not reported; H = present), number of phenotypic clusters (O = over-differentiated; U = under-differentiated). For comparison with phenetic studies of animals, annual plants were scored as semelparous and perennial and woody species as iteroparous.
GROUPDivision
Family / Genus / Life
History / Mating
System / No.
Species / No.
Traits / Poly-
ploidy? / Hybrid-
ization? / No. Phenotypic Clusters / Correspondence with Species Taxa (%) / Reference / Phenetic Methods*
SEED PLANTS
Angiosperms
Amaryllidaceae / Eucharis / P / O / 2 / 17 / P / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Meerow 1989 / PCA, UPGMAApiaceae / Anthriscus / A / S / 3 / 86 / A / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Spalik 1996 / CD, PCA
Apiaceae / Anthriscus / P / O / 5 / 86 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (20.0) / Spalik 1996 / CD, PCA
Asclepidaceae / Asclepias / P / O / 2 / 21, 30 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 1Kephart et al. 1988; 2Wyatt & Broyles 1992 / PCA
Asteraceae / Amphiachyris / A / O / 2 / 28 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 3Lane 1979 / NF
Asteraceae /
Antennaria
/ P / O, A / 5 / 38 / P / H / 2 (O) / 1 (20.0) / 4Bayer 1985 / DA, PCA, UPGMAAsteraceae /
Antennaria
/ P / O, A / 7 / 19 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 5Chmielewski et al. 1990 / CDA, SDAAsteraceae / Antennaria / P / O, A / 4 / 30 / P / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / 6Bayer 1991 / PCA
Asteraceae / Argyranthemum / W / O / 3 / 9 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Brochmann et al. 2000 / CVA
Asteraceae / Aster / P / O / 8 / 27 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Allen 1984 / ClA, DA, PCA
Asteraceae / Aster / P / O / 4 / 35 / P / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Lamboy 1988 / DA, PCA
Asteraceae / Bidens / A / O / 1 / 80 / A / A / 3 (U) / 0 (0.125 / 7Hart 1979 / NF
Asteraceae / Echinacea / P / O / 9 / 36 / P / H / 4(O) / 2 (22.2) / Binns et al. 2002 / CDA, MODECLUS
Asteraceae / Helianthus / A / O / 2 / 36 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Rieseberg 1987 / PCA, UPGMA
Asteraceae / Helianthus / A / O / 5 / 40 / A / H / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Rosenthal et al. 2002 / PCA
Asteraceae / Lactuca / A / S / 4 / 63 / A / A / 4 / 4 (100.0) / 8DeVries & Raamsdonk 1994 / PCA
Asteraceae / Layia / A / O / 2 / 26 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Gottlieb et al. 1985 / CA
Asteraceae / Marshallia / P / O / 8 / 38 / P / A / 4 (O) / 2 (25.0) / Watson & Estes 1990 / CVA, PCA, UPGMA
Asteraceae / Petastites / P / A / 4 / 66 / A / H / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / Cherniawsky & Bayer 1997 / DA, PCA
Asteraceae / Senecio / P / ? / 1 / 11 / A / A / 2 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Hodalova & Marhold 1998 / CDA, PCA, UPGMA
Asteraceae /
Tetramolopium
/ W / O / 5 / 35 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Okada et al. 2000 / PCABignoniaceae / Campsis / W / O / 2 / 22 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Wen & Jansen 1995 / UPGMA
Boraginaceae / Anchusa / P / O / 2 / 14 / A / A / 2 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 9Selvi 1998 / DA, PCA
Brunelliaceae / Brunellia / W / O / 3 / 32 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Orozco 1991 / PCA, UPGMA
Cactaceae / Escobaria / W / O / 2 / 20 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Baker & Johnson 2000 / DA
Cactaceae / Trichocereus / P / O / 4 / 2 / A / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Rundel 1977 / NF
Campanulaceae / Wahlenbergia / W / ? / 5 / 41 / A / H / 5 (O,U) / 2 (40.0) / Lammers 1996 / UPGMA
Caryophyllaceae / Arenaria / P / O / 3 / 25 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Wyse Jackson & Parnell 1987 / PCA
Caryophyllaceae / Stellaria / P, A / O / 2 / 12 / P / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Whitehead & Sinha 1967 / ClA, CVA, PCA
Caryophyllaceae / Stellaria / P / O / 3 / 11 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Emery & Chinnappa 1994 / CDA
Ceratophyllaceae / Ceratophyllum / P / O / 3 / 15 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Les 1986 / PCA, UPGMA
Ceratophyllaceae / Ceratophyllum / P / O / 5 / 13 / A / A / 3 (O) / 2 (40.0) / Les 1988a / DA, PCA, UPGMA
Ceratophyllaceae / Ceratophyllum / P / O / 3 / 10 / A / A / 1 (O) / 1 (0.0) / Les 1988b / DA, PCA, UPGMA
Chenopodiaceae / Chenopodium / A, P / S / 2 / 19 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Wilson 1988 / PCA, UPGMA
Chenopodiaceae / Salicornia / A / S / 2 / 80 / A / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Ingrouille & Pearson 1987 / ClA, PCA
Colchicaceae /
Androcymbium
/ P / O / 3 / 18 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Pedrola-Monfort & Caujap-Castells 1994 / ClA, UPGMACornaceae / Cornus / W / O / 4 / 12 / P / H / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / Murrell 1994 / CDA, DFA
Cruciferae / Cardamine / A, P / O / 8 / 12 / P / A / 6 (O) / 5 (62.5) / Marhold 1996 / CDA, PCA, UPGMA
Cruciferae / Erysimum / P / O / 5 / 14 / P / A / 4 (O) / 3 (60.0) / Feliner 1992 / DA, PCA
Cyperaceae / Carex / P / O / 3 / 20 / A / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Wheeler 1990 / DFA, PCA
Cyperaceae / Carex / P / O / 4 / 31 / A / A / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / Ford & Ball 1992 / DFA. PCA
Cyperaceae / Carex / P / O / 3 / 22 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / 10Saarela & Ford 2001 / DFA
Ericaceae / Comarostaphylis / W / O / 5 / 14 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Diggs 1987 / CDA, MDA, UPGMA
Ericaceae / Pyrola / P / O / 3 / 19 / A / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Haber 1983 / CVA
Ericaceae / Vaccinium / W / O / 7 / 13 / P / H / 5 (O) / 3 (42.9) / Vander Kloet & Dickinson 1999 / CVA, PCoA
Euphorbiaceae / Acalypha / ? / O / 1 / 12 / A / A / 2 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Levin 1998 / PCA, DA
Fabaceae / Acacia / W / O / 3 / 19 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / 11Seigler & Ebinger 1988 / PCA
Fabaceae / Acacia / W / O / 5 / 16 / A / A / 4 (O) / 3 (60.0) / Lee et al. 1989 / PCA, SDA
Fabaceae / Acacia / W / O / 5 / 11 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Clarke et al. 1989 / PCA, SDA
Fabaceae / Acacia / W / O / 13 / 14 / A / A / 13 / 13 (100.0) / Ebinger et al. 2000 / PCA
Fabaceae / Acacia / W / O / 13 / 15 / A / H / 12 (O) / 11 (84.6 / Jawad et al. 2000 / PCA
Fabaceae / Hedysarum / A / O, S / 1 / 25 / A / A / 2 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Baatout 1995 / PCA
Fabaceae / Lens / A / S / 4 / 18 / A / A / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Hoffman et al. 1988 / PCA
Fabaceae / Medicago / A / S / 4 / 7 / A / H / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / Small et al. 1999 / PCoA, UPGMA
Fabaceae / Prosopis / W / O / 3 / 6 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Naranjo et al. 1984 / UPGMA
Fagaceae / Quercus / W / O / 7 / 36 / A / H / 5 (O) / 4 (57.1) / Jensen 1977 / NMDS, PCA
Fagaceae / Quercus / W / O / 4 / 38 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / Hess & Stoynoff 1998 / ClA, DFA
Fagaceae / Quercus / W / O / 2 / 20 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 12Rushton 1978 / ClA, PCA
Fagaceae / Quercus / W / O / 2 / 21 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Romero, S. et al. 2000 / ClA, PCA
Hyacinthaceae / Hyacinthoides / P / O / 5 / 42 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Ortiz et al. 1999 / PCA, UPGMA
Hyacinthaceae /
Ornithogalum
/ P / O / 3 / 18 / P / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Moret et al. 1986 / ClA, PCA, DAHyacinthaceae /
Ornithogalum
/ P / O / 3 / 26 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 13Moret et al. 1991 / DA, PCAJuncaceae / Juncus / P / O / 3 / 11 / P / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / 14Micieta & Mucina 1983 / CLC, SLC, WM; PCA, RA
Liliaceae / Calochortus / P / O / 2 / 5 / A / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Ness et al. 1990 / PCoA
Liliaceae / Camassia / P / O / 2 / 9 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Ranker & Schnabel1986 / CDA
Liliaceae / Erythronium / P / O / 4 / 14 / P / H / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / 15Allen 2001 / PCA
Liliaceae / Fritillaria / P / O / 17 / 22 / A / A / 16 (O) / 15 (88.2) / Zaharof 1988 / WM, PCA
Melastomataceae / Calvoa / P, W / O / 2 / 18 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Figueiredo 2001 / PCA, UPGMA
Melastomataceae / Calvoa / P, W / O / 7 / 18 / A / H / 5 (O) / 3 (42.9) / Figueiredo 2001 / PCA, UPGMA
Moraceae / Ficus / W / O / 2 / 22 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Dixon et al. 2001 / PCC, UPGMA
Moraceae / Ficus / W / O / 2 / 23 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 16Dixon 2001 / PCC, UPGMA
Moraceae / Ficus / W / O / 2 / 23 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 16Dixon 2001 / PCC, UPGMA
Myristicaceae / Compsoneura / W / O / 2 / 32 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Janovec & Harrison 2002 / PCA
Myrtaceae / Eucalyptus / W / O / 3 / 35 / A / H / 3 (O) / 2 (66.7) / Pfeil & Henwood 2004 / NMDS
Nymphaceae / Nuphar / P / O / 2 / 15 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Padgett 1998 / PCA, UPGMA
Onagraceae / Clarkia / A / O / 5 / 13 / A / A / 5 (O) / 4 (0.8) / 17Holsinger 1985 / PCA
Orchidaceae / Coelogyne / P / O / 6 / 29 / A / A / 2 (O) / 2 (16.7) / Pelser et al. 2000 / ClA, PCA
Orchidaceae / Cyrtostylis / P / ? / 3 / 6 / A / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Kores et al. 1993 / CVA
Orchidaceae /
Dactylorhiza
/ P / O / 4 / 51 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Bateman & Denholm 1983 / PCoAOrchidaceae /
Dactylorhiza
/ P / O / 4 / 28 / P / A / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Dufrêne et al. 1991 / CDA, PLL, WPGMA, CL, WM, UPGMAOrchidaceae / Disa / P / O / 1 / 14 / A / A / 3 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Johnson & Linder 1995 / PCA, UPGMA
Orchidaceae / Epipactis / P / O / 7 / 28 / A / A / 6 (O) / 5 (71.4) / Tyteca & Dufrene 1994 / CDA, PCA, UPGMA
Orchidaceae / Ophrys / P / O / 3 / 5 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Danesch & Danesch 1977 / NF
Orchidaceae / Ophrys / P / O / 4 / 54 / A / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Gölz et al. 1980 / NF
Orchidaceae / Orchis / P / O / 2 / 8 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Dafni & Baumann 1982 / NF
Orchidaceae / Pleurothallis / P / O / 5 / 35 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100.0) / Borba et al. 2002 / PCA, MGD, UPGMA
Orchidaceae / Satyrium / P / O / 3 / 42 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Ellis & Johnson 1999 / PCA
Palmae / Reinhardtia / P / O / 6 / 9 / A / A / 6 / 6 (100.0) / 18Henderson 2002 / DFA, PCA, UPGMA
Papaveraceae / Fumaria / A,P / ? / 11 / 7 / P / A / 11 / 11 (100.0) / 19Wilson et al. 1990 / PCA, UPGMA
Plumbaginaceae / Armeria / P / O / 2 / 21 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Feliner et al. 1996 / PCA
Plumbaginaceae / Armeria / P / O / 4 / 20 / A / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Feliner et al. 2001 / DA, PCA
Plumbaginaceae / Armeria / P / O / 3 / 20 / A / H / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Feliner et al. 2001 / DA, PCA
Plumbaginaceae / Limonium / P / O,S / 2 / 13 / P / H / 1 / 0 (0.0) / Dawson & Ingrouille 1995 / ClA, DFA
Poaceae / Agropyron / P / O / 2 / 6 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Dewey 1980 / NF
Poaceae / Brachyelytrum / P / O / 3 / 19 / A / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Saarela et al. 2003 / DA, PCA
Poaceae / Digitaria / P / S / 2 / 29 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Killeen & Rugolo de Agrasar 1992 / PCA
Poaceae / Digitaria / P / S / 2 / 19 / P / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Wipff & Hatch 1994 / PCA, UPGMA
Poaceae / Elymus / A, P / S / 4 / 10 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Seberg 1989 / DIST
Poaceae / Festuca / A,P / S / 7 / 50 / A / H / 7 / 7 (100.0) / Bulinska-Radomska & Lester 1986b / WM, PCA
Poaceae / Festuca / A,P / S / 3 / 50 / P / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / 20Bulinska-Radomska & Lester 1985a / WM
Poaceae / Hordeum / P / ? / 4 / 27 / P / ? / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Baum & Bailey 1989 / CDA, AL, Median, WM, CL, SL, MODECLUS; PCA
Poaceae / Hordeum / A / S / 3 / 8 / P / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Giles & Lefkovitch 1986 / DA
Poaceae / Leymus / P / O / 2 / 43 / P / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Atkins et al. 1984 / CL, PCoA, UPGMA
Poaceae / Lolium / P / O / 3 / 19 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Loos 1993 / CVA, PCA
Poaceae / Lolium / A / S / 4 / 19 / A / A / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / Loos 1993 / CVA, PCA
Poaceae / Oryza / P / ? / 2 / 29 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100) / 21Gong et al. 2000 / ClA, PCA
Poaceae / Oryzopsis,
Ptilagrostis,
Stipa / P / ? / 4 / 57 / A / A / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / Barkworth 1983 / CL. MST, PCoA, UPGMA
Poaceae / Phippsia / P / S / 2 / 13 / P / A / 2 / 2 (100) / Aares et al. 2000 / MST, NMDS, PCoA, UPGMA
Poaceae / Poa / P / A / 7 / 60 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 22Kellogg 1990 / PCA
Poaceae / Roegneria / A / S / 3 / 17 / P / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / 23Zhou et al. 1999 / NF
Poaceae / Vulpia / A / S / 7 / 50 / A / A / 7 / 7 (100.0) / Bulinska-Radomska & Lester 1986a / ClA, PCA
Polemoniaceae / Linanthus / A / S / 1 / 16 / ? / H / 2 / 0 (0.0) / Goodwillie & Stiller 2001 / NN, FN, CTRD
Polygonaceae / Polygonum / P / O / 3 / 17 / A / H / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Parnell & Simpson 1988 / PCA
Posidoniaceae / Posidonia / P / ? / 4 / 10 / A / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Campey et al. 2000 / MDS, PCC
Proteaceae / Conospermum / W / O / 4 / 18 / A / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / 24Mackay & Morrison 1989 / CVA, DCA, UPGMA, UPGMC
Proteaceae /
Telopea
/ W / O / 3 / 20 / A / H / 4 (U) / 2 (66.7) / Crisp & Weston 1993 / CVA, DCA, PCA, PCoA, MMDS, NMDS, RARanunculaceae / Ranunculus / P / A, O / 2 / P / H / 0 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Hörandl 2002 / CVA, MDS, UPGMA
Ranunculaceae / Ranunculus / P / A, O / 2 / 19 / P / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Hörandl et al. 2001 / PCoA, UPGMA
Ranunculaceae / Ranunculus / P / O / 3 / 3 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 25Okada 1984 / NF
Rhamnaceae / Ceanothus / W / O / 4 / 6 / A / ? / 1 (O) / 1 (0.0) / 26Hardig et al. 2002 / PCA
Rosaceae / Alchemilla / P / A / 23 / 43 / P / A / 3 (O) / 3 (13.0) / 27Sepp & Paal 1998 / PCA
Rosaceae / Amelanchier / W / O, A / 7 / 20 / P / H / 3 / 1 (14.3) / Dibble et al. 1998 / PCA
Rosaceae / Crataegus / W / A / 9 / 24 / P / H / 3 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 28Sinnott & Phipps 1983 / ClA, MDS, PCA
Rosaceae / Crataegus / W / A / 4 / 29 / P / H / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / 29Smith & Phipps 1988 / SLC, SSA, UPGMA; PCA
Rosaceae / Potentilla / P / A / 3 / 20 / P / H / 3 / 3 (100) / Rico et al. 2003 / CDA, PCoA, UPGMA
Rosaceae / Potentilla / P / A / 4 / 41 / P / H / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / Leht & Paal 1998a / PCA, UPGMA
Rosaceae / Potentilla / P / A / 9 / 36 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Leht & Paal 1998b / PCA
Rosaceae / Pyrus / W / O / 5 / 30 / A / H / 4 (O) / 3 (60.0) / Aldasoro et al. 1996 / DA, PCA
Rosaceae / Rosa / W / A, O / 3 / 11 / P / H / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Nybom et al. 1997 / CVA
Rosaceae / Sorbus / W / A, O / 38 / 21 / P / H / 12 (O) / 7 (0.18) / Aldasoro 1998 / DA, PCoA
Rubiaceae / Ernodea / W / O / 8 / 34 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (12.0) / Negron-Ortiz & Hickey 1996 / CDA, PCA
Saxifragaceae / Saxifraga / P / O / 2 / 17 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Gugerli 1997 / ClA
Scrophulariaceae /
Alonsoa
/ P / O, S / 4 / 20 / A / A / 4 / 4 (100.0)) / Astholm & Nyman 1994 / WM, CDAScrophulariaceae / Castilleja / P / O / 6 / 98 / P / H / 3 (O) / 2 (33.3) / Anderson & Taylor 1983 / DA, NNSL, PCA
Scrophulariaceae / Chelone / P / O / 4 / 16 / P / H / 3 (O) / 2 (50.0) / 30Nelson & Elisens 1999 / PCA, UPGMA
Scrophulariaceae / Gambelia / W / O / 4 / 20 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (25.0) / 31Elisens & Nelson 1993 / CVA, PCA, UPGMA
Simaroubaceae / Simarouba / W / O / 3 / 6 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Franceschinelli et al. 1998 / PCA, UPGMA
Solanaceae / Physalis / P / O / 3 / 33 / A / H / 4 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Sullivan 1985 / UPGMA
Solanaceae / Solanum / P, A / S / 6 / 30 / P / A / 6 / 6 (100.0) / 32Schilling 1981 / PCA, UPGMA
Solanaceae / Solanum / P / O / 3 / 26 / A / H / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / 33Giannattasio & Spooner 1994 / PCA, UPGMA
Solanaceae / Solanum / P / O / 8 / 32 / P / H / 4 (O) / 3 (37.5) / 34Spooner et al. 1995 / CDA, PCA. SDA, UPGMA
Sterculiaceae / Fremontodendron / W / O / 3 / 10 / A / A / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Kelman 1991 / PCA
Stylidiaceae / Stylidium / P / O / 1 / 34 / P / H / 3 (U) / 0 (0.0) / Raulings & Ladiges 2001 / NMDS, UPGMA
Thymelaeaceae / Wikstroemia / W / O / 12 / 36 / P / A / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Mayer 1991a / NMDS, PCoA
Turneraceae / Turnera / P / O / 1 / 38 / P / A / 2 (U) / 0 (0.0) / 35Shore & Barrett 1985 / DFA, UPGMA
Typhaceae / Typha / P / O / 4 / 25 / A / H / 4 / 4 (100.0) / Kim et al. 2003 / PCA, UPGMA
Ulmaceae / Trema / W / O / 1 / 44 / A / A / 3 (U) / 0 (0.0) / St.Laurent et al. 2000 / CDA, MODECLUS
Verbenaceae / Verbena / P / O / 10 / 23 / A / H / 10 / 10 (100) / 36Barber 1982 / PCA, UPGMA
Violacaeae / Viola / P / S / 2 / 15 / A / ? / 1 (O) / 0 (0.0) / Ballard et al. 2001 / CVA, PCA, UPGMA
Violaceae / Viola / P / O, S / 3 / 17 / A / ? / 3 / 3 (100.0) / Ballard & Wujek 1994 / ClA, CVA, NMDS, PCA
Winteraceae / Drimys / W / O / 5 / 5 / A / A / 2 (O) / 1 (20.0) / Ehrendorfer et al. 1979 / NF
Gymnosperms
Cupressaceae / Widdringtonia / W / O / 2 / 24 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Pauw & Linder 1997 / ClA, PCAPinaceae / Picea / W / O / 5 / 20 / A / A / 5 / 5 (100%) / Taylor et al. 1994 / CDA, PCA, PCoA, UPGMA
Pinaceae / Pinus / W / O / 3 / 25 / A / H / 2 (O) / 1 (33.3) / Matos 1995 / DFA, PCA
Pinaceae / Pinus / W / O / 2 / 25 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 37Romero, A.et al. 2000 / ClA, PCA
FERNS & FERN ALLIES
Ferns
Dryopteridaceae / Cystopteris / P / O / 2 / 28 / P / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 38Paler & Barrington 1995 / DFA, PCADryopteridaceae / Polystichum / P / O / 2 / 13 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Perrie et al. 2000 / PCA
Dryopteridaceae / Polystichum / P / O / 2 / 11 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Mayer & Mesler 1993 / DA, PCA
Lycopodiophytes
Lycopodiaceae / Lycopodium / P / A, O / 2 / 23 / P / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Waterway 1986 / CVA, DA
Bryophytes
Bryaceae / Mielichhoferia / P / O / 2 / A / A / 2 / 2 (100.0) / 39Shaw & Rooks 1994Pottiaceae / Tortula / P / A, O / 4 / 5 / A / A / 4 / 4 (100.0) / 40Mishler 1990 / PCA
Rigodiaceae / Rigodium / P / O / 6 / 47 / A / A / 4 (O) / 0 (0.0) / 41Zomlefer 1993 / CVA, PCA
Sphagnaceae / Sphagnum / P / O / 1 / 21 / A / A / 2 (U) / 0 (0.0) / McQueen 1985 / DFA, PCA
Sphagnaceae / Sphagnum / P / O / 2 / 9 / A / H / 2 / 2 (100.0) / Cronberg & Natcheva 2002 / CVA, PCA
1The aim of this study was to document, morphologically, intersectional hybrids. The sympatric parent species, and their hybrid, are easily distinguished, but the parent taxa are not sister species.
2Putative (suggested by vegetative and isozyme data but not floral characters) hybrids fall out cleanly with one of the two parental taxa along 2 PCA axes. Hybridization suggested to be contingent on anthropogenic influence.
3Not a formal phenetic study, but species separable by multiple qualitative characters.
4All five diploids are distinct if allopolyploid asexual is not included.
5Taxa can be discriminated statistically, but overlap broadly in multivariate plots.
6Clusters corroborated by genetic (isozyme) data. Asexual and sexual populations of the same taxon are not distinguishable morphologically. Thus, the discreteness of sexual vs. asexual taxa cannot be compared.
7Study focused on three taxa previously recognized as subspecies, but found ample distinctness to elevate them to species rank (not a formal phenetic study).
8One accession contained three plants that were intermediate between Lactuca sativa and L. serriola.
9Two taxa previously recognized, but these are merged and a new species is described. Hence, two phenotypic clusters, but zero correspondence with existing taxonomy.
10The authors state that they are employing the following species concept: “Species are defined as ‘groups of populations that are distinguished by discontinuities in a suite of morphological and anatomical characters…’(Dunlop and Crow 1999).” Yet, they name a new species that blends into an already named species in their DFA plot. “While the DFA failed to identify three discrete clusters, this was largely due to the fact that species are identified by qualitative and quantitative characters.”
11Putative hybrids formed between three species taxa are recognized as subspecies, but species taxa still form distinct phenotypic clusters.
12Two species are distinct in comparisons of pure populations, but hybrid populations can be found that create a continuum between the two species; interspecific crosses have very low success rate.
13Classification is 97% correct based on discriminant analysis, but a few individuals are intermediate and connect otherwise discrete groups.
14Three species taxa represent three different cytotypes.
15One of the species included here hybridizes with a species not included in the analysis. Possibly, inclusion of this third species (and hybrids) might blur distinctness of the two discrete groups.
16Because the pre-existing taxonomy is complicated, the nomenclature presented in the study was used.
17One taxon of section Phaeostoma, an easily recognized, natural group, C. xantiana was not included in the numerical analyses because it is “clearly distinct” from other species in the section. In this instance, we are inclined to accept this admittedly subjective taxonomic assessment, given that the author knows the section intimately and is applying numerical methods to the other taxa for which the statistical methods are deemed appropriate.
18Two of the species abut, without overlap, in phenospace; however, discriminant analysis separates all species with 100% success rate.
19Multiple populations were assayed in only five of the eleven species.
20Species with multiple cytotypes intergrades with one of diploids.
21Two species taxa cannot be differentiated on morphological grounds, but this is consistent with crossability relationships in that intraspecific and interspecific crosses are equally fertile.
22 Kellogg notes that, while agamospermy in Gramineae has received much attention, it is relatively rare – found in fewer than 5% of the 760 genera.
23Multivariate analyses were not performed, but species differed significantly at several traits suggesting they were distinct.
24Taxa can be discriminated statistically, but there are easily recognized intermediates in areas of local parapatry.
25Two diploid species are distinct, but allopolyploid species forms continuum between them.
26Molecular evidence suggestive of hybridization was reported, but the alternative hypothesis of lineage sorting could not be ruled out.
27Based on an analysis of “coefficients of distinctness,” the authors conclude that three species taxa “are totally distinct from all others.” This result is not clear on PCA ordinations.
28Numbers of species in the group vary by orders of magnitude depending on the authority (1200, 120, 21). Here 11 “morphotypes” are assessed.
29No pre-existing taxonomy presented; four species recognized in subsequent paper.
30When polyploid C. oblique is removed, three clusters, corresponding to the three diploid taxa are clearly distinct.
31Previous taxonomies vary in the number of recognized species – some include three forms within G. juncea, others treat the three as species.
32Only one individual of each polyploid was examined, preventing evaluation of their distinctness.
33Percentage distinct depends on preceding taxonomy adopted (three versus four species recognized).
34Wild potatoes are a problematic group: “experienced taxonomists…independent identifications of identical herbarium specimens differed in 20% of the cases.”
35In the only previous taxonomic treatment (from 1883), one polymorphic species was recognized, here the authors conclude at least 2 and possibly 3 species should be recognized.
36Hybridization between clusters fills gaps in morphospace. Verbena stricta, the taxon inferred to have highest rate of allogamy, is most frequent contributor to hybridization.
37One of three species is represented by a single point in the PCA plot; thus, it cannot be evaluated. One cluster corresponding to a species is characterized by low seed fertility. It is perhaps of hybrid origin. Morphological intermediates are present as well, also suggestive of hybridization.
38The two polyploid species are readily distinguished, but natural hybrids occur and cluster with one of the parents (i.e., not intermediate).
39Species separable by micro-morphological characters of gametophytes, sporophytes not differentiated. Initially, populations referred to species by isozyme genotypes.
40Focus of this study was difference in distinctness between sexual and asexual species, Mishler concludes no difference.
41Previous taxonomies vary with respect to species number, but Zomlefer recognizes only six species, which was used for the calculations here.
*Phenetic Acronyms:
Ordination Methods
CA: Canonical Analysis, CDA: Canonical Discriminant Analysis, CVA: Canonical Variate Analysis, DA: Discriminant Analysis, DCA: Detrended Correspondence Analysis, DFA: Discriminant Function Analysis, MDA: Multiple Discriminant Analysis, MGD: Mahalanobis Generalized Distance, MMDS: Metric Multidimensional Scaling, NF: Not a Formal Phenetic Study (usually bivariate plot), NMDS: Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, PCA: Principal Components Analysis, PCC: Principle Axis Correlation, PCoA: Principle Coordinate Analysis, PLS: Partial Least-Squares Analysis, RA: Reciprocal Averaging, RW: Relative Warp, SDA: Stepwise Discriminant Analysis.
Clustering Methods
AL: Average Linkage, CD: Canberra Distance, CL: Complete Linkage, ClA: Cluster Analysis (unspecified), CLC: Complete Linkage Cluster, CTRD: Centroid, DIST: Distance Analysis, FN: Furthest Neighbor, ML: Median Linkage, MODECLUS: Non-hierarchical Clustering, MST: Minimum Spanning Tree, NN: Nearest Neighbor, NNSL: Nearest Neighbor Single Linkage, PLL: Proportional Link Linkage, SLC: Single Linkage Clustering, SSA: Sum of Squares Agglomeration,UPGMA: Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean, UPGMC: Unweighted Pair Group Centroid Method, WM: Ward’s Method,WPGMA: Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean.