Supplementary Table 1: Association of Maternal Education, Age, Living Arrangements, Smoking

Supplementary Table 1: Association of maternal education, age, living arrangements, smoking and chronic disease with pre-pregnancy BMI[a] and gestational weight gain[b] among primiparous Swedish women between 1982-2008(n= 4 080)

BMI pre-pregnancy / Gestational weight gain
N (%) / Geometric mean in kg/m2 / Under-weight (%) / Healthy weight (%) / Over-weight (%) / Obese (%) / p-value / Mean (std dev) in kg / IOM Inadequate (%) / IOM Adequate (%) / IOM Excessive (%) / p-value
Education:
Tertiary
Secondary
Elementary / 1192 (29.2)
2290 (56.1)
598 (14.7) / 23.4
23.6
22.8 / 2.0
4.4
9.0 / 73.9
64.3
65.2 / 18.6
22.3
16.7 / 5.5
9.0
9.0 / <0.001 / 14.6 (4.8)
15.1 (5.1)
15.3 (5.9) / 20.4
17.6
21.5 / 38.7
34.2
30.8 / 40.9
48.2
47.7 / <0.001
Maternal age:
<25 years
25-29 years
30+ years / 1739 (42.6)
1508 (37.0)
833 (20.4) / 22.8
23.7
24.0 / 7.1
3.4
0.5 / 68.1
65.4
68.8 / 18.0
22.0
22.3 / 6.8
9.2
8.4 / <0.001 / 15.4 (5.4)
14.9 (4.9)
14.3 (4.9) / 19.4
17.9
19.9 / 33.4
35.6
37.3 / 47.2
46.5
42.8 / 0.151
Living arrangements:
Cohabiting
Not cohabiting / 3798 (93.1)
282 (6.9) / 23.4
23.0 / 4.2
6.0 / 67.1
69.1 / 20.5
19.1 / 8.2
5.7 / 0.223 / 15.0 (5.1)
14.5 (5.8) / 18.5
25.9 / 35.3
30.8 / 46.2
43.3 / 0.008
Smoking:
Non smoker
1-9 cigarettes/day
10+ cigarettes/day / 3455 (84.7)
455 (11.1)
170 (4.2) / 23.5
22.9
22.6 / 3.7
7.3
10.0 / 67.2
67.7
68.2 / 21.0
17.1
15.3 / 8.1
7.9
6.5 / <0.001 / 15.0 (5.0)
15.2 (5.6)
14.3 (5.8) / 18.4
20.7
27.1 / 35.6
31.6
32.9 / 46.1
47.7
40.0 / 0.028
Chronic disease:
No
Yes / 3245 (79.5)
835 (20.5) / 23.3
23.9 / 4.7
3.0 / 67.6
65.8 / 20.4
20.2 / 7.2
11.0 / 0.001 / 14.9 (5.1)
15.2 (5.3) / 19.6
16.6 / 35.0
35.0 / 45.4
48.4 / 0.118
Total / 4080 (100) / 23.4 / 4.4 / 67.2 / 20.4 / 8.0 / 15.0 (5.1) / 19.0 / 35.0 / 46.0

[a] Underweight, healthy weight (normal weight), overweight and obesity defined according to WHO criteria (World Health Organisation. The international classification of adult underweight, overweight and obesity according to BMI. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html2006).

[b] Body mass index specific gestational weight gain, classified by IOM criteria (IOM (Institute of Medicine) and NRC (National Research Council). Weight Gain During Pregnancy: Reexamining the Guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2009 9780309131131. http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2009/Weight-Gain-During-Pregnancy-Reexamining-the-Guidelines.aspx )