Supplementary Notes Low Calcium Subjects
Fig. S1. Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1009 who had 2 pregnancies. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S2 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1016. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S3 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1035. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S4 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1041. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S5 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1042. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S6 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1043. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S7 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1045. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S8 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1052. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S9 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1055. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S10 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1069. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S11 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1090. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S12 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1096. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Supplementary Notes Calcium –Supplemented Subjects
Fig. S13 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1204. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S14 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1208. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S15 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1213. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S16 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1213. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S17 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1226. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S18 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1231. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Supplementary Notes – Australian subjects
Fig. S19 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1049 who had 2 pregnancies. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Fig. S20 Changes in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for migrant subject 1093. The cord blood data are indicated by the different symbols for both parameters.
Trimester Variations – summarized in Tables 2 to 4 of the text
Overall there is no consistent pattern in any of the 3 cohorts for 206Pb/204Pb ratio or PbB. For example, the decreases in PbB between pre-natal and trimester 1 for the low-Ca migrant cohort range from -6 to -68% for 6 subjects but show increases in PbB from 8 to 20% in another 3 subjects (Figure S22). For the Ca-supplemented migrant cohort the decreases in PbB between pre-natal and trimester 1 range from -4 to -35% (Figure S23). For the Australian subjects the decreases range from -19 to -50% (Figure S25).
With respect to changes between trimester 1 and 2, PbB decreases from -5 to -71% for 7 subjects in the low-Ca migrant cohort but 5 subjects show increases from 2 to 29%. In contrast, 9 of the 10 subjects from the Ca-supplemented migrant cohort show a decrease in PbB ranging from -10 to -73%. The changes in PbB for Australian subjects are smaller than for the migrants with 3 showing decreases from -2 to -17% and the other 4 showing no change or an increase by about 5%.
Between trimester 2 and 3, PbB increased from 3 to 43% in 9 low-Ca migrant subjects, remained unchanged in two, and showed decreases from -2 to -23% in 3 others (Figure S22). For the Ca-supplemented migrant cohort, PbB increased from 2 to 22% in 7 subjects and decreased in 3 others (Figure S23). For Australian subjects, PbB decreased from-2 to -17% in 4 cases and increased in 3 others (Figure S25).
In the transition from trimester 3 to post-partum, PbB generally increased but in 4 subjects from the low-Ca migrant cohort and 1 subject for the Ca-supplemented cohort, the values showed small decreases (Figures S22 and S23).
As with PbB, changes in 206Pb/204Pb ratio are variable, especially for the categories between pre-natal/trimester 1 and trimester 2/trimester 1 (Figures S21, S24, S25). The changes for the Ca-supplemented migrant cohort (Figure 14) are smaller than for the low-Ca migrant cohort (Figure S21). For most subjects, there are significant increases in 206Pb/204Pb from trimester 2 to trimester 3 and from trimester 3 to the post-partum category for the low-Ca and Ca-supplemented migrant cohorts indicative of mobilization from the maternal skeleton.
Fig. S21. Percentage changes between trimesters in 206Pb/204Pb for migrant subjects from the low-Ca cohort. T1-T0 denotes the % change between pre-natal and 1st trimester values, T2-T1 the % change between the 1st and 2nd trimesters, T3-T2 the % change between the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and T4-T3 the % change between the 3rd trimester and post-partum.
Fig. S22. Percentage changes between trimesters in PbB for migrant subjects from the low-Ca cohort. The ‘T’ notations are the same as in Figure S21.
Fig. S23. Percentage changes between trimesters in PbB for migrant subjects from the Ca-supplemented cohort. The ‘T’ notations are the same as in Figure S21.
Fig. S24. Percentage changes between trimesters in 206Pb/204Pb for migrant subjects from the Ca-supplemented cohort. The ‘T’ notations are the same as in Figure S21.
Fig. S25. Percentage changes between trimesters in 206Pb/204Pb and PbB for Australian subjects. The ‘T’ notations are the same as in Figure S21.
1
Fig. S21
Fig. S22
1
Fig S23
Fig S24
Fig S25
Table S1. Estimates of Fixed Effects
Type III Tests of Fixed EffectsaSource / Numerator df / Denominator df / F / Sig.
Intercept / 1 / 101.152 / 46.989 / .000
time / 1 / 125.741 / 41.680 / .000
PbFlog / 1 / 110.432 / 2.425 / .122
Trimester / 4 / 109.511 / 20.651 / .000
calc_supp / 1 / 22.475 / 2.615 / .120
Trimester * calc_supp / 4 / 105.032 / 2.879 / .026
a. Dependent Variable: pblog.
Estimates of Fixed Effectsa
Parameter / Estimate / Std. Error / df / t / Sig. / 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound / Upper Bound
Intercept / .500102 / .071981 / 80.591 / 6.948 / .000 / .356871 / .643334
time / -.012103 / .001875 / 125.741 / -6.456 / .000 / -.015813 / -.008393
PbFlog / .060711 / .038989 / 110.432 / 1.557 / .122 / -.016553 / .137974
[Trimester=0] / -.214895 / .067415 / 113.402 / -3.188 / .002 / -.348452 / -.081338
[Trimester=1] / -.219241 / .048644 / 109.939 / -4.507 / .000 / -.315643 / -.122840
[Trimester=2] / -.298449 / .043677 / 108.502 / -6.833 / .000 / -.385021 / -.211878
[Trimester=3] / -.243543 / .040821 / 106.305 / -5.966 / .000 / -.324472 / -.162615
[Trimester=4] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[calc_supp=0] / .055105 / .064400 / 28.946 / .856 / .399 / -.076618 / .186828
[calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=0] * [calc_supp=0] / -.008551 / .064755 / 105.572 / -.132 / .895 / -.136940 / .119838
[Trimester=0] * [calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=1] * [calc_supp=0] / -.012708 / .053878 / 105.983 / -.236 / .814 / -.119526 / .094110
[Trimester=1] * [calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=2] * [calc_supp=0] / .068761 / .052068 / 104.229 / 1.321 / .190 / -.034490 / .172012
[Trimester=2] * [calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=3] * [calc_supp=0] / .163983 / .054628 / 104.439 / 3.002 / .003 / .055660 / .272306
[Trimester=3] * [calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=4] * [calc_supp=0] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
[Trimester=4] * [calc_supp=1] / 0b / 0 / . / . / . / . / .
a. Dependent Variable: pblog.
b. This parameter is set to zero because it is redundant.
Estimated Marginal Means
Trimester * calc_suppaTrimester / calc_supp / Mean / Std. Error / df / 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound / Upper Bound
0 / 0 No supplement / .262 / .046 / 43.060 / .169 / .356
1 Calcium supplement / .216 / .076 / 87.426 / .065 / .366
1 / 0 No supplement / .254 / .045 / 45.380 / .163 / .344
1 Calcium supplement / .211 / .058 / 46.308 / .094 / .328
2 / 0 No supplement / .256 / .045 / 46.637 / .166 / .346
1 Calcium supplement / .132 / .056 / 41.902 / .018 / .246
3 / 0 No supplement / .406 / .049 / 62.082 / .308 / .504
1 Calcium supplement / .187 / .054 / 35.965 / .078 / .296
4 / 0 No supplement / .486 / .040 / 28.844 / .404 / .567
1 Calcium supplement / .430 / .052 / 31.318 / .325 / .536
a. Dependent Variable: pblog.
1