SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S1 Summary matrix of pairwise comparisons among regions for thirteen approaches to assess stock structure of the Australian sardine (refer to Figure 1 for region codes). Note, data were not available for some regional pairwise comparisons and information on the transmission and recovery from the pilchard herpes virus were not considered. The thirteen approaches to assess stock structure include: AE - allozyme electrophoresis; MI – mitochondrial DNA; MM – morphology & meristics; OS – otolith shape analyses; OC – otolith chemistry (elements & isotopes); AG – adult growth rates; LG – larval growth rates; RT – timing of reproductive peak; MT – time to sexual maturity; LD – patterns of egg and larval distribution; FS – fishing seasonality; CC – size/age composition of catches; CQ – relative annual catch quantities. Lowercase lettering indicates no difference detected among regional pairwise comparisons, and uppercase lettering indicates differences detected.

SQLD / NEC / CEC / SEC / LE / TAS / PPB / SG / WCCB / ESP / BB / ALB
NEC / ae, MM, oc, AG, rt, mt, ld, fs, cc, CQ
CEC / ae, MM, OC, AG, RT, mt, ld, FS, cc, cq / ae, MM, oc, ag, RT, mt, ld, FS, cc, cq
SEC / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, mt, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OS, OC, ag, RT, mt, ld, FS, cc, CQ / ae, mm, oc, ag, rt, mt, ld, fs, cc, cq
LE / AE, MM, CC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, cq / AE, MM, cc, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, cc, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / ae, mm, OC, RT, MT, ld, fs, cc, CQ
TAS / MM, RT, MT, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / MM, rt, mt, CQ
PPB / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, FS, CC, CQ / AE, MM, oc, ag, RT, MT, LD, FS, CC, cq / AE, MM, OC, ag, LG, rt, MT, LD, fs, CC, cq / AE, MM, OC, ag, rt, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, mm, OS, oc, rt, mt, LD, fs, CC, CQ / MM, rt, mt, cc, CQ
SG / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, FS, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, ag, RT, MT, LD, FS, CC, CQ / AE, MI, MM, OC, ag, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, ag, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OS, OC, RT, mt, LD, fs, CC, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OS, OC, AG, lg, RT, mt, LD, fs, cc, CQ
WCCB / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, ag, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, ag, lg, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, ag, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OS, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OS, OC, AG, LG, RT, mt, LD, fs, CC, cq / AE, mm, OS, OC, ag, LG, rt, mt, ld, fs, CC, CQ
ESP / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, lg, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, ld, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, lg, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq
BB / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, mm, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / ae, mm, OC, rt, mt, ld, fs, cc, CQ
ALB / AE, MM, OC, ag, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MI, MM, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, mm, OC, AG, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / ae, mm, OC, RT, mt, ld, fs, cc, CQ / ae, mm, oc, RT, mt, ld, fs, cc, CQ
FRE / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, FS, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, CQ / MM, RT, MT, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, CC, CQ / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, MT, LD, fs, cc, cq / AE, MM, OC, LG, RT, mt, LD, fs, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, RT, mt, LD, fs, cc, CQ / AE, MM, OC, rt, mt, LD, fs, cc, CQ