SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S1: Total numbers and characteristics of the E. helvum caught during this study.

Neo=neonate, Juv=juvenile, SI=sexually immature adult, SM=sexually mature adult

Year / Location / Month / Female / Male / NR
Neo / Juv / SI / SM / Neo / Juv / SI / SM / SM
2007 / Accra / January / 2 / 19 / 2 / 40
Pra* / January / 1
Adoagyiri* / May / 2
2008 / Accra / January / 10 / 23 / 1 / 9 / 86
February / 2 / 7 / 3 / 15
March / 6 / 12 / 10 / 74
April / 1
Kumasi / April / 1 / 9 / 1
Tanoboase / April / 6 / 2 / 1 / 6 / 9
Accra / November / 6 / 10 / 26 / 4 / 12 / 55
2009 / Accra / January / 4 / 27 / 4 / 47
February / 3 / 4 / 3 / 16
March / 10 / 3 / 29 / 111
Kumasi / March / 3
Tanoboase / March / 7 / 2 / 10 / 5
April / 17 / 5 / 1 / 12 / 17
Accra / July / 14 / 5 / 7 / 10 / 5 / 70
November / 33 / 11 / 8 / 23 / 13 / 53
2010 / Accra / February / 4 / 3 / 29 / 7 / 3 / 71
March / 1 / 12 / 31 / 28 / 52
Total / 1 / 58 / 108 / 208 / 2 / 45 / 150 / 733 / 1

*These sites are feeding sites were E. helvum was caught with other bats (Hayman et al. 2008). NR=not recorded.

Table S2: Characteristics and timings of E. helvum bats caught and tested for Lyssavirus antigen in cerebral tissues. Serological status versus LBV is shown (negative=Sero-ve, positive =Sero+ve, not tested =NT).

Year / Location / Month / Age / Female / Male
Sero
-ve / Sero
+ve / NT / Sero
-ve / Sero
+ve / NT
2008 / Accra / January / SI / 2 / 1 / 1 / 1
January / SM / 5 / 1 / 7 / 9 / 9
February / SI / 1
February / SM / 1 / 2 / 7 / 3
March / SI / 2
March / SM / 1 / 1 / 5 / 5
April / SI / 1
Kumasi / April / Neonate / 1
April / SM / 1
Tanoboase / April / SM / 1
2009 / Accra / March / SI / 2 / 1 / 3
March / SM / 1 / 19 / 16
November / Juvenile / 2
November / SI / 1
November / SM / 2
Kumasi / March / SM / 2 / 1
Tanoboase / April / Neonate / 1
Tanoboase / April / SM / 1 / 2
Total / 17 / 8 / 4 / 44 / 36 / 13

Table S3: Characteristics and date of samples collected from E. helvum from which oral swabs were tested for Lyssavirus antigen. Serological status versus LBV is shown (negative=Sero-ve, positive =Sero+ve, not tested =NT).

Year / Location / Month / Age / Female / Male
Sero
-ve / NT / Sero
+ve / Sero
-ve / NT / Sero
+ve
2007 / Accra / January / SI / 1 / 1 / 2
SM / 9 / 3 / 7 / 25 / 2 / 10
2008 / Accra / January / SM / 1 / 1
February / SM / 2
March / SI / 2 / 1 / 1
SM / 1 / 1 / 2 / 12
Kumasi / April / Neonate / 1
SM / 1
Tanoboase / SM / 1
Accra / November / Juvenile / 5 / 3
SI / 8 / 1 / 9
SM / 13 / 10 / 30 / 17
2009 / Accra / January / SI / 4 / 3 / 1
SM / 14 / 11 / 29 / 15
February / SI / 2 / 1 / 3
SM / 2 / 7 / 2
March / SI / 8 / 2 / 23 / 1
SM / 2 / 1 / 60 / 37
Kumasi / March / SM / 2
Tanoboase / SI / 5 / 1 / 1 / 10
SM / 2 / 3 / 2
April / Neonate / 1
SI / 2
SM / 1 / 2 / 1
Accra / July / Juvenile / 5 / 8 / 1 / 4 / 1 / 3
SI / 3 / 2 / 1 / 2
SM / 3 / 3 / 1 / 21 / 26 / 17
2009 / Accra / November / Juvenile / 19 / 5 / 3 / 16 / 1
SI / 5 / 3 / 3 / 10 / 2
SM / 2 / 2 / 2 / 26 / 17 / 6
2010 / Accra / February / Juvenile / 4 / 6 / 1
SI / 3 / 1
SM / 14 / 14 / 34 / 4 / 31
2010 / Accra / March / SI / 1
Total / 138 / 27 / 68 / 343 / 59 / 161

Table S4: Characteristics, dates and serological results of E. helvum bats sampled in Ghana. F=female, M=male, Neo=neonate, Juv=juvenile, SI=sexually immature and SM=sexually mature. The number seropositive is shown above the total numbers tested (+/N)

Year / Location / Month / F Neo (+/N) / F Juv (+/N) / F SI (+/N) / F SM (+/N) / M Neo (+/N) / M Juv (+/N) / M SI (+/N) / M SM (+/N)
2007 / Accra / January / 1/2 / 8/15 / 0/1 / 12/39
Foraging* / June / 1/2
2008 / Accra / January / 0/9 / 11/26 / 1/13 / 29/84
March / 1/6 / 5/12 / 1/11 / 33/72
November / 0/6 / 1/10 / 11/26 / 0/4 / 0/12 / 20/55
Kumasi / April / 1/1 / 5/9
Tanoboase / April / 0/6 / 1/2 / 1/1 / 1/6 / 2/9
2009 / Accra / January / 1/7 / 15/30 / 1/7 / 18/60
March / 1/6 / 0/1 / 2/23 / 33/77
July / 1/6 / 0/3 / 1/4 / 4/8 / 1/2 / 19/40
November / 5/26 / 3/8 / 3/6 / 1/18 / 2/12 / 6/33
Kumasi / March / 1/4 / 2/4 / 0/6 / 11/34
Tanoboase / March / 1/6 / 2/2 / 0/10 / 2/5
April / April / 3/16 / 2/5 / 1/12 / 2/16
2010 / Accra / January / 0/4 / 0/3 / 14/29 / 1/7 / 0/2 / 33/67
March / 0/1 / 0/12 / 19/31 / 2/27 / 10/52
Total / 1/1 / 6/43 / 13/98 / 84/193 / 1/1 / 6/37 / 12/144 / 235/645

*Foraging sites include two bats caught at additional sites in Ghana

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