Supplemental Table 1 The sgcvs. other post-meiotic and/or pollen wall mutants

Mutant / Gene/Protein / Phenotype / Reference
Sgc (small, glued-together, and collapsed pollen) / Lectin receptor-like kinase / Pollen grains much smaller than wild type, glued together, collapsed at maturity; exine pattern twisted and compressed; pollen nonviable. / This work
nef1 (no exine formation) / Plastid integral membrane protein / Pollen grains totally absent at anthesis; exine absent; a significantly altered leaf chloroplast ultrastructure; various growth defects. / Ariizumi et al., 2004
dex1 (defective in exine formation 1) / Membrane associated calcium-binding protein / Defective pollen wall pattern formation; primexine deposition is delayed and significantly reduced. / Paxson-Sowders et al., 1997 and 2001
flp1 (faceless pollen-1) / Similar to proteins involved in wax biosynthesis / Pollen with a smooth surface and an acetolysis-sensitive exine. / Aarts et al., 1997; Ariizumi et al., 2003
cals5/gsl/lap1 / Callose synthase / The pollen exine wall formed improperly due to a significant reduction in callose deposition; the baculae and tectum structure affected; and tryphine deposited randomly as globular structures. / Dong et al., 2005; Enns et al., 2005; Nishikawa et al., 2005; Zinkl and Preuss, 2000
ms1 (male sterility 1) / PHD-finger family of transcription factor / Completely devoid of mature pollen; degeneration of pollen occurs soon after microspore release from the tetrads, at which time the tapetum also appears abnormally vacuolated. / Ito and Shinozaki, 2002; Wilson et al., 2001
ms2 (male sterility 2) / Putative fatty acyl reductase / Defects seen when microspores released from tetrads; the occasional pollen grains produced by the mutant have a very thin exine that is sensitive to acetolysis treatment. / Aarts et al., 1993 and 1997
ms7, ms8, ms9, and ms12 / Not identified yet / ms7: tapetal cytoplasm disintegrates in late vacuolated microspore stage, with the degeneration of microspores and pollen grains. ms8: pollen grains rupture prior to maturity; intine is affected. ms9: microspores released from tetrads with irregular shape and without exine. ms 12: microspores lack exine sculpturing. / Taylor et al., 1998
ms33 / Not identified yet / Early degeneration of tapetum; intine is thicker; exine thinner. / Fei and Sawhney, 2001
gpt1 / Plastidic glucose 6-phosphate/phos-phate translocator GTP1 / Pollen of flattened shape and smaller size; the exine structure intact; the mutation also affects ovule development. / Niewiadomski et al., 2005
apt1 (adenine phospho-ribosyltrans-ferase 1) / Adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase (APT) / Defects occur soon after meiosis; altered lipid accumulation in the tapetal cells; changes in pollen cell wall development; and a loss of synchrony in the development of the tapetum and microspores. / Zhang et al., 2002
ams (aborted microspores) / MYC class transcription factor / Completely devoid of mature pollen; pollen degeneration occurs shortly after release of the microspores from the tetrad, prior to pollen mitosis I; premature tapetum; the stamen filaments reduced in length and lie beneath the receptive stigma at flower opening. / Sorensen et al., 2003
myb32 / R2R3 MYB transcription factor / Partially male sterile, more than 50% of the pollen grains being distorted in shape and lacking cytoplasm. / Preston et al., 2004
adl1C / Dynamin-like protein ADL1C / Fifty percent of the mature pollen from heterozygous adl1C-1 are shriveled and nonviable; defects in the plasma membrane and intine morphology. / Kang et al., 2003

References

Aarts MG, Dirkse WG, Stiekema WJ, Pereira A (1993) Transposon tagging of a male sterility gene in Arabidopsis. Nature 363:715–717

Aarts MGM, Hodge R, Kalantidis K, Florack D, Wilson ZA, Mulligan BJ, Stiekema WJ, Scott R, Pereira A (1997) The Arabidopsis MALE STERILITY 2 protein shares similarity with reductases in elongation/condensation complexes. Plant J 12:615–623

Ariizumi T, Hatakeyama K, Hinata K, Inatsugi R, Nishida I, Sato S, Kato T, Tabata S, Toriyama K (2004) Disruption of the novel plant protein NEF1 affects lipid accumulation in the plastids of the tapetum and exine formation of pollen, resulting in male sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 39:170–181

Ariizumi T, Hatakeyama K, Hinata K, Sato S, Kato T, Tabata S, Toriyama K (2003) A novel male-sterile mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, faceless pollen-1, produces pollen with a smooth surface and an acetolysis-sensitive exine. Plant Mol Biol 53:107–116

Dong X, Hong Z, Sivaramakrishnan M, Mahfouz M, Verma DPS (2005) Callose synthase (CalS5) is required for exine formation during microgametogenesis and for pollen viability in Arabidopsis. Plant J 42:315–328

Enns LC, Kanaoka MM, Torii KU, Comai L, Okada K, Cleland RE (2005) Two callose synthases, GSL1 and GSL5, play an essential and redundant role in plant and pollen development and in fertility. Plant Mol Biol 58:333–349

Fei H, Sawhney VK (2001) Ultrastructural characterization of male sterile33 (ms33) mutant in Arabidopsis affected in pollen desiccation and maturation. Can J Bot 79:118–129

Ito T, Shinozaki K (2002) The MALE STERILITY1 gene of Arabidopsis, encoding a nuclear protein with a PHD-finger motif, is expressed in tapetal cells and is required for pollen maturation. Plant Cell Physiol 43:1285–1292

Kang B-H, Rancour DM, Bednarek SY (2003) The dynamin-like protein ADL1C is essential for plasma membrane maintenance during pollen maturation. Plant J 35:1–15

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Nishikawa S, Zinkl GM, Swanson RJ, Maruyama D, Preuss D (2005) Callose (-1,3 glucan) is essential for Arabidopsis pollen wall patterning, but not tube growth. BMC Plant Biol 5:22–30

Paxson-Sowders DM, Dodrill CH, Owen HA, Makaroff CA (2001) DEX1, a novel plant protein, is required for exine pattern formation during pollen development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 127:1739–1749

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Preston J, Wheeler J, Heazlewood J, Li SF, Parish RW (2004) AtMYB32 is required for normal pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 40:979–995

Sorensen A-M, Kröber S, Unte US, Huijser P, Dekker K, Saedler H (2003) The Arabidopsis ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) gene encodes a MYC class transcription factor. Plant J 33:413–423

Taylor PE, Glover JA, Lavithis M, Craig S, Singh MB, Knox RB, Dennis ES, Chaudhury AM (1998) Genetic control of male fertility in Arabidopsis thaliana: Structural analyses of postmeiotic developmental mutants. Planta 205:492–505

Wilson ZA, Morroll SM, Dawson J, Swarup R, Tighe PJ (2001) The Arabidopsis MALE STERILITY1 (MS1) gene is a transcriptional regulator of male gametogenesis, with homology to the PHD-finger family of transcription factors. Plant J 28:27–39

Zhang C, Guinel FC, Moffatt BA (2002) A comparative ultrastructural study of pollen development in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia and male-sterile mutant apt1-3. Protoplasma 219:59–71

Zinkl GM, Preuss D (2000) Dissecting Arabidopsis pollen-stigma interactions reveals novel mechanisms that confer mating specificity. Annals Bot Suppl85:15–21