Supplemental Data For

Supplemental Data for

Parasite Threat to Panda Conservation

Jin-Shuo Zhang, Peter Daszak, Hua-Li Huang, Guang-You Yang, A. Marm Kilpatrick, Shu-Yi Zhang*

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:

Materials and Methods

We collected the number of death of giant pandas from articles of published scientific journals, reports from magazines, newspapers, and websites, and personal communications (Supplemental Table 1). Two co-authors offered previously unpublished data. The data exclude mortality of captive pandas.

Death causes or diagnosis of cases was identified by researchers and veterinarians. We separated mortality into four causes: Parasite (roundworm or VLM), Poaching, Starvation, and Old age (including naturaldeath and other diseases).

Supplemental Table 1. Records of mortality events of pandas from 1971-2005

Date / Site / Number / Age / Sex / Diagnosis / Note
1974 / Mountains Minshan, Sichuan / 138 / Starvation / Hu, 1985
Wei & Hu, 1994
Feng, 2001
1975 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 37 / Starvation / Feng et al, 2005
1976-1977 / Sichuan and Gansu / Around 70 / Starvation / Hu, 1985
Huang et al, 2005
1981 / Sichuan / 1 / Parasite / 2304 roundworms; Feng et al, 1985
1982-1986 / Yangxian, Shaanxi / 6 / Parasite and other Disease / 1 panda by roundworms; 5 pandas by other diseases Yan et al, 1987
1982.4-1986.4 / Foping and Yangxian, Shaanxi / Parasite / Xue et al, 1987 see following
Foping / 1 / M
Foping / 1 / 10 / F
Yangxian / 1 / 15 / M
Foping / 1 / 15 / M
Foping / 1 / 10 / M
1983 / Sichuan and Gansu / Around 110 / Starvation
1983-1984 / Sichuan / 3 / Parasite / Feng et al, 1985
10 / Disease / Feng et al, 1985
1984.3.20 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / Parasite, cacotrophia / Carcase
Huang (co-author) offered
1984.4 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / F / Parasite, hemorrhagic enteritis / Huang (co-author) offered
1984.11 / Wolong, Sichuan / 1 / Disease, or naturally died / Reintroduction defeated, Zhang et al, 2003
1985.4.1 / Pingwu, Sichuan / 1 / 10 yr / M / Disease / Fan et al, 1987
1985.7.29 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 20 years / F / Parasite / 58 roundworms found in digestive tract; Huang (co-author) offered
1986-1987 / Sichuan and Gansu / Around 20 / Starvation / Hu, 1985; Feng, 2001; Meng, 1989
1986 / Sichuan / 10 / Disease / See Ye, 1989
1986.1.13 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / F / Disease, pericarditis / Died in 1987; Huang (co-author) offered
1986.3.20 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / Parasite / 489 roundworms found; Huang (co-author) offered
1986.4.5 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / F / Disease, acute diffuse hemorrhagic enteritis / Died in 1989; Huang (co-author) offered
1986.4.26 / Pingwu, Sichuan / 1 / 14 / F / Parasite / Du et al, 1987
1986.5.8 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / M / Parasite / 176 roundworms; Huang (co-author) offered
1986.5.11 / Pingwu, Sichuan / 1 / 15 / F / Parasite / Du et al 1987
1986.5.30 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 20 years / M / Too old / Rescue ineffective; Huang (co-author) offered
1987.5.15 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / Starvation / Huang (co-author) offered
1987-1988 / Baoxing, Sichuan / At least 37 / Poaching / Li et al, 2005
1987-1990 / Pingwu, Sichuan / 85 / Poaching / Pelts; Li et al, 2005
1988.3.30 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / F / Parasite / More than 400 roundworms; Huang (co-author) offered
1988 / Sichuan / 146 / Poaching / Pelts; Lü & Elizabeth, 2001
1990-1992 / Sichuan / 2 / Poaching / Pelts; Bi on line
1990.10 / Qinling, Shaanxi / 1 / 22 / M / Naturally died / Pan Wenshi studied; Pan et al, 2001
1991-1992 / Sichuan / 3 / Parasite / Feng & Li, 2000
1991 / All / At least 22 / Poaching / 22 cases; Li et al, 2005
1991.4 / Qinling, Shaanxi / 1 / 16 / M / Naturally died / Pan studied; Pan et al, 2001
1991.12 / Qinling, Shaanxi / 1 / 4 / F / Naturally died / Pan studied; Pan et al, 2001
1992 / All / At least 13 / Poaching / 13 cases; Li et al, 2005
1993 / All / At least 8 / Poaching / 8 cases; Li et al, 2005
1994 / Sichuan / 1 / Poaching / Pelt; Bi website
1994.10 / Qinling, Shaanxi / 1 / 17 / M / Naturally died / Pan studied; Pan et al, 2001
1995 / Wolong, Sichuan / 1 / Naturally died / Reintroduction defeated; Zhang et al, 2003
1995 / Sichuan / 1 / Poaching / Pelt; Oryx, 1995
1995.4.4 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / Naturally died / Huang (co-author) offered
1997 / Sichuan / 1 / Poaching / Pelt; Bi website
1997.5.22 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / Starvation / Huang (co-author) offered
1998 / Sichuan / 5 / Poaching / Pelts; WWF, 2004; Bi website
1999.12.11 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 4 years / F / Parasite / Died in January 2000; Huang (co-author) offered
1999 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / Parasite / 347 roundworms; Yang (co-author) offered
1999.10 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / Poaching / Pelt; Peng, 2003
1999 / Sichuan / 6 / Poaching / Pelts; Pan & Chu, 1999
2000 / Niuweihe NR, Shaanxi / 1 / M / Naturally died / Yang et al, 2004
2001-2004 / Qinling, Shaanxi / 6 / Parasite / Bai, 2004
2001 / Mamize NR, Sichuan / 1 / Poaching / Wu et al, 2004
2002.3 / Niuweihe NR, Shaanxi / 1 / M / Naturally died / Yang et al, 2004
2003 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / Parasite / 132 roundworms; Yang (co-author) offered
2003.11.29 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / M / Parasite, septicemia / Ran & Peng, 2003
2004 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / 12-13 years / Parasite / 86 roundworms; Yang (co-author) offered
2004.3.25 / Niuweihe NR, Shaanxi / 1 / F / Disease, intestinal tract / Yang et al, 2004
2004.4.19 / Anzihe NR, Sichuan / 1 / 17 years / Naturally died / Song, 2004
2004.11.18 / Anzihe NR, Sichuan / 1 / Disease / Rescue ineffective; Wu & Yang, 2004
2005.4 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / 10 years / Disease, hemorrhagic enteritis / Also found roundworms; Yang (co-author) offered
2005.4.22 / Liangshan, Sichuan / 2 / Poaching / Zhang, 2005
2005.4.26 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 10 years / M / Disease, acute pulmonary / Also found roundworms; Song & Tian, 2005
2005.5.10 / Mianning, Sichuan / 1 / 5-6 years / F / Disease, generalized functional exhaustion / Found in March, and died in May, 2005; Wang, 2005
2005.5.25 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 25 years / M / Naturally died / Also found rounworms; Song & Tian, 2005
2005.6.1 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 25 years / M / Naturally died / Corpse putrefactive; Song & Tian, 2005
2005.6.6 / Baishuijiang NR, Gansu / 1 / 25 years / M / Naturally died / Corpse putrefactive; Song & Tian, 2005
2005.11 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / 15-16 years / Parasite / 333 roundworms; Yang (co-author) offered
2005.12.8 / Baoxing, Sichuan / 1 / 13 years / F / Parasite / More than 600 roundworms; Zhong & Yang, 2005

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