Social Studies 8 Spring Exam Reviewpage 1 of 22
Social Studies 8 Spring Exam ReviewPage 1 of 22
Reasons for 2 political parties/ Different beliefs about:
Power of national government
Economic development of United States
2 political parties:
Federalists &
Democratic- Republicans
/ Federalists: Hamilton
Strong national government, high tariffs, national bank, industrial economy, trade with Britain
Democratic Republicans: Jefferson, Madison
Strong state governments, no tariff, state banks, agricultural economy, trade with France
Foreign policies of Washington and Adams and Jefferson / Neutrality
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions / Response to Alien and Sedition Acts
Argued that states can nullify laws of Congress that they think are unconstitutional
Established idea of states’ rights
Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court case
/ Established judicial review
Supreme Court can check the Legislative and Executive branches by making sure their actions and laws are constitutional
Louisiana Purchase
/ 1803
Treaty, because President did not have authority to add land to U.S., but to conduct foreign policy
Impressment
/ Forcing sailors to serve in a foreign navy (British)
Embargo Act (1807)
/ Britain and France were attacking US ships
The Act cut off American trade overseas
It hurt US more than others, Jefferson repealed it
Causes of War of 1812 / Attacks by Britain on US ships
Soldiers occupying western forts and enticing Natives to attack American settlements
Interference with US trade
Hopes of gaining Canada and Florida
Blockade of US coast during War of 1812 / Helped US industries grow because US had to make things instead of importing
Samuel Slater
/ Factory worker in Britain who emigrated to US
Built the first textile factory in the US
Lowell mills
/ Employed women and children
Owners didn’t have to pay as much
Smaller in size, could climb into machines to repair
Factory system and US cities / Cities grew around factories
Cities because overcrowded, diseased, polluted
Offered cultural opportunities (museums, theater)
Canal building
/ Cut cost of transporting goods and travelingConnected places not otherwise
Settlers moved west
Free enterprise / Able to make, sell, produce, buy what you want
Private property, profit, competition, economic freedom
Regional economic development
New inventions / North became more industrialized
Machines did work in factories, put people out of work on farms
South didn’t use machines, except cotton gin
Inventions connected regions, mostly North and West
Transportation routes / Population traveled more and slowly moved west
Major cities built on transportation routes, new trade markets
Acquire Florida / Adams Onis Treaty with Spain in 1818
Calhoun, Clay, and Webster
Sectional affiliation / Calhoun: south, wanted no tariff, yes to international improvements
Webster: North, wanted both
Clay: West, wanted both
Southerners opposed tariff / Everything had to be imported
Southerners would rather pay for cheaper foreign imports than support Northern factories
Missouri Compromise
/ Missouri entered US as slave state
Maine entered US as free state
No slavery north of 36°30” N latitude line
Clay wanted to keep the number of slave and free states equal to balance voting numbers in the Senate
McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court case
/ State of Maryland wanted to tax the national bank in Baltimore
Ruling: state can’t overrule a federal action
Gibbons v. Ogden Supreme Court case
/ Gibbons wanted to run a ferry service from NY to NJ, dispute over interstate commerce
Ruling: only national government can handle interstate trade
Monroe Doctrine
/ Purpose: to protect newly independent countries in Central and South America from Europeans
1823: Some European countries wanted to regain lost countries or start new colonies in Western hemisphere
JQ Adams
Economic independence vs. interdependence / Interdependent: rely on others for economy
Independence: run your economy by yourself
Andrew Jackson
Bank
Government jobs
States’ rights
Election of 1824 / Bank: hated the bank, “I will kill it”
Government jobs: gave jobs to unqualified friends and family (spoils system, “to the victor belongs the spoils”)
States’ rights: wanted states’ rights as long as it didn’t threaten the nation (Indian removal)
Election of 1824: corrupt bargain between JQ Adams and Henry Clay
1800s, Voting process became more democratic / More people were able to vote and take part in the process
Voting open to all white males over 21
Caucuses and nominating conventions to choose candidates
Nullification Crisis / South Carolina and Calhoun nullified the national tariff and threatened to secede if it wasn’t cancelled
Andrew Jackson passed the Force Bill
SC backed down
Native American treatment / Slowly pushed west, lands were taken, treaties were made and broken
Americans didn’t think the Natives were using the land to its ability, the Americans wanted to make it farmland
Indian Removal Act
Trail of Tears / Jackson moved the Natives west of the Mississippi River
Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court case / Worcester wanted to live with the Cherokee in GA
GA trying to force Cherokee out of state
Ruling: Natives are considered a separate nation, only Congress can negotiate with them
Cherokee have a right to their land
Manifest Destiny
/ Belief that US should spread from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean
Areas added after 1820:
Texas 1845
Oregon 1846
Mexican Cession 1848
Gadsden Purchase 1853
Acquisition of Oregon
/ Agreed to divide it at the 49° N latitude with Britain
US settlers in Texas
Texas independence
Border dispute between US/Mexico / 1821
1836
US claimed border at Rio Grande River
Mexico claimed border to Nueces River
Mexican American War
/ Gained Mexican Cession territory
Gold Rush / People flooded trails to reach California and strike it rich
Population grew quickly, applied for statehood 1850
Samuel Morse
/ Inventor of telegraph, Morse Code
Communication lines were built, connecting regions
Farm equipment
Effects on food production and farm workers / More food produced
With less workers
Workers left farms to get factory jobs in cities
Labor and trade unions / Groups of people who joined together to get better working conditions in factories
Better pay, shorter hours, health and safety benefits
European immigration events / Ireland: potato famine
Germany: wars
North and South, interdependent / Southerners depended on Northerners buying their cotton and producing goods
Northerners depended on Southern cotton for their factories
Underground railroad
/ System to help runaway slaves make it to freedom
Conductors (guides) would lead runaways to next stop and give directions and supplies
Reforms of 1800s / Anti-slavery
Women’s rights
Education
Temperance
Prisons
Rights for Mentally ill
Fine arts
Second Great Awakening
/ Religious revival movement
Effects: people went back to religion, impacted reforms to improve US society
Temperance movement / Reduce/ban alcohol consumption
Supported because alcohol linked to crime and divorce
Dorothea Dix
Harriet Tubman / Prisons, mentally ill, teacher
“Moses of her people”
Successful conductor on underground railroad
Abolitionist / Wanted to end slavery
Frederick Douglass
/ Former slave
Abolitionist
Newspaper The North Star
Women’s Rights Movement / Goals:
Education
Work Rights
Marriage Rights
Property Laws
Voting Rights
Accomplished:
Education opportunities, property and marriage laws
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
/ Seneca Falls Convention leaders
Wrote Declaration of Sentiments modeled after Declaration of Independence
Fine Arts (Art, Paintings, Writing)
1700s to 1800s / Artists and writers used American themes instead of European themes
Compromise of 1850
/ California entered US as a free state
Mexican Cession territory subject to popular sovereignty
Ban of slave trade in Washington, DC
Stricter fugitive slave law
Border settled between New Mexico and Texas
Fugitive Slave Law
/ Northerners were upset that they had to return runaways or face jail or a fine
Harriet Beecher Stowe
/ Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, about the evils of slavery
Lincoln, “So you’re the little lady that wrote that book that started this great war.”
Republican Party
/ Formed in 1854 to stop the spread of slavery
Dred Scott v. Sanford
Ruling
Significance / Dred Scott sued for freedom because he had lived in a free territory
Scott not a citizen, so he can’t sue
Slaves are property and can be taken anywhere
Congress has no right to limit slavery anywhere
Northern and Southern reaction to Dred Scott / Northerners upset because it ruled that Constitution supported slavery
Southerners happy because slavery could be anywhere
1858 Lincoln Douglas debates
/ Main issue: slavery
Lincoln: slavery was morally wrong. Keep slavery out of the territories
Douglass: against slavery, but wanted Americans to decide for themselves (popular sovereignty)
John Brown
/ Abolitionist
2 events:
Bleeding Kansas: Brown and his followers attacked and killed pro-slavery people
Harper’s Ferry: Brown and his followers tried to start a slave revolt by raiding arsenal. He was captured and hanged.
Lincoln’s election as president in 1860 / Southerners saw it as a sign that their rights as slaveowners would not be protected, thought they should leave the Union
Secession started with South Carolina in Dec, 1860
5 causes of Civil War
/ Slavery
Tariffs
States’ rights
Cultural differences
Economic differences
North advantages in Civil War / More population
Railroads
Navy
Wealth
Industries
Lincoln
South advantages in Civil War / Motivation
Home field
Better generals
North disadvantages / Long coastline to blockade
Indecisive generals
Had to conquer South
South disadvantages / Fewer soldiers
Fewer supplies
No industries
No navy
Davis
Union strategy / Blockade coast
Control Mississippi River
Capture Richmond
Confederate strategy / Hold on to what they had
Invade at Pennsylvania
Split north
Capture Washington, DC
Get European help
Lincoln’s goal at the beginning of the war
The First War Aim / Preserve the Union
Emancipation Proclamation
/ All slaves in states in rebellion were free
Jan. 1, 1863
Issued after Antietam
Significance of Emancipation Proclamation in North / Gave the North a new war aim
Slaves in the South tried to disrupt the war effort by slowing down work or trying to runaway
Europeans agreed not to help the South
Gettysburg Address
/ Dedication of cemetery and remember the soldiers who died
American was formed on democratic belief that citizens should be able to make their own decisions. Civil War was a test to see if the country could survive, and it was the job of the living to finish the war and bring the country back together, so the soldiers wouldn’t have died in vain.
Confederate leaders / Lee
Jackson
Davis
Longstreet
Union leaders / Grant
Sherman
Buell
Lincoln
Meade
McClellan
Grant’s policy of total war / Destroy everything, military and civilian, to make it impossible for the enemy to keep fighting
Where did Lee surrender to Grant at the end of the war?
/ Appomattox Court House, Virginia
Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address / He wasn’t going to take the South’s slaves
He wanted to preserve the Union
Southerners needed to remember the sacrifices of their ancestors in the American Revolution to save the country
If there was going to be war, the South would have to start it
If the South started the war, he would defend the country
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address / He wasn’t going to punish the Southerners after the war
He wanted to bring the country back together
“with malice toward none, with charity to all”
He was going to be lenient on the Southerners after the war was over
Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan / 10 Percent Plan
When 10% of the voters in Southern states had taken an oath of loyalty to the Union, they could form a new government and write a new state constitution banning slavery
Lenient because:
He didn’t think punishing Southerners would serve any purpose, he wanted them to want to come back to the US
Radical Republicans / Congressmen who wanted to punish the South
Divided the 10 remaining Southern states (1867) into 5 military districts until new governments could be formed.
Guaranteed Black men the right to vote
Prevent former Confederate leaders from holding public office
States had to ratify the 13th and 14th amendments, write a new state constitution
Freedman’s Bureau / Government agency formed to help freed African-Americans adjust to their new life
Built schools
Distributed food and clothing
Provided medical care
Helped acquire land
Provided transportation to work
Also helped poor whites in the South
Black Codes / Laws the controlled newly freed African-Americans
Allowed officials to arrest and fine unemployed blacks and to force them to work for whites to pay off their fines
Some were banned from owning farms
Some allowed whites to take orphaned black children as unpaid apprentices
3 Reconstruction amendments to the Constitution / 13th: banned slavery
14th: defined citizenship as anyone born in the US
15th: gave the right to vote to all males
Strategies for limiting voting rights of black males / Poll tax: pay before you vote
Literacy test: take a reading test before you vote
Grandfather clause: in your grandfather had voted in the last election, you didn’t have to pay or take the reading test
Scalawag
Carpetbagger / Scalawag: southerners who worked with the Union soldiers/citizens to help rebuild after the war
Carpetbagger: northerners who came to the South to help after the war, some came to take advantage of Southerners
Ku Klux Klan / Anti-African-American hate group
They wanted to use scare tactics to keep blacks from exercising their rights
Hayes’ election in 1876 / He promised to end reconstruction if elected
Plessy v. Ferguson / Segregation of whites and blacks was legal as long as facilities were equal