Sociology 611, Spring 2011, Hogan,
website:
307 Stone Hall, MW:10-11:30 a.m. or by appointment (494-4679)
Social Inequality: Class, Race, and Gender
This course surveys the sociological analysis of inequality (or stratification), including race, class, and gender. A general text (Grusky) provides readings for this survey. In addition, students will choose to read two additional books from a series of recommended texts that offer different theoretical and methodological approaches to the analysis of inequality. In weekly class meetings we will discuss the various theories and methods sociologists have used to study inequality. We will consider, for example, subjective versus objective, distributional versus relational, quantitative versus qualitative, historical versus structural approaches to inequality. Ultimately, students will choose an approach/perspective on inequality and carry-out a limited analysis that might provide the basis for future (potentially publishable) research. Since the course will be conducted as a research seminar as well as a survey of the literature, students will be asked to contribute not simply general discussion of the common readings but written and oral reports on particular recommended readings and on progress in research. The goal is for us all to learn together in a collective effort that should be greater than the sum of its parts.
All books will be available for purchase at Vons (in the village)
Required Text
David B. Grusky (editor), Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective, Second Edition (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001). ISBN 0-8133-6654-2
Recommended Readings
Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins, Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2001). ISBN 0-534-5689-4
Angela Y. Davis, Women, Race & Class (NY: Vintage Books, 1983 [Random House, 1981]) ISBN 0-394-71351-6.
Michèle Lamont, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press, 2000). ISBN 0-674-00306-3
Robert Perrucci and Earl Wysong, The New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream?Third Edition. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008). ISBN 13-978-0-7425-4554-0
Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley, CA: University California Press, 1998).
ISBN 0-520-22170-2
Erik Olin Wright, Class Counts: Student Edition (NY: University of Cambridge Press, 1997). ISBN 0-521-55646-5
Weekly Topics and Readings
First Class Meeting: Getting organized—no assigned readings
Second Class Meeting: Thinking about stratification/inequality
- Grusky's approach: read Part I in Grusky
- stratification in American sociology: read Part II in Grusky
- how you/we want to think and talk about inequality
- recommended readings:
- Wilbert E Moore, 1963, "But Some Are More Equal Than Others." American SociologicalReview:28:13-18.
- Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "Some Empirical Consequences of the Davis-Moore Theory." American Sociological Review 28:805-810.
Third Class Meeting: Theories of Inequality (Part I): read pp. 87-177 in Grusky
- Marxist theories
- Weberian Theories
- relation to functional theories (last week)
- prospects for synthesis
- recommended readings
- Richard Hogan, 2005, "Was Wright Wrong? High Class Jobs and the Professional Earnings Advantage." Social Science Quarterly 86 (3):645-663.
- Robert Perrucci and Earl Wysong, 2003, The New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream? (Rowan and Littlefield)
- Charles Tilly, 1998 Durable Inequality (Berkeley, CA: University California Press).
- Erik Olin Wright, 1997, Class Counts: Student Edition (NY: University of Cambridge Press).
Fourth Class Meeting: Theories of Inequality (Part II): Durkheimian, et. al.: read pp. 178-300 in Grusky
- Durkheim, Grusky, and Sorenson: anyone else?
- elites and masses
- occupational prestige, status attainments, and measurement
- recommended readings
- Patrick Horan, 1978, "Is Status Attainment Research Atheoretical?" American Sociological Review 43:534-541.
- Michèle Lamont, 2000, The Dignity of Working Men: Morality and the Boundaries of Race, Class, and Immigration (Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press)
- Steven Rytina, 1984, "Life Chances and the Continuity of Rank." American Sociological Review 54:910-928.
- Ross M. Stoltzenberg, 1975, "Occupations, Labor Markets, and the Process of Wage Attainment," American Sociological Review 40:645-665.
Fifth Class Meeting: Mobility and Status Attainment: read pp. 303-421 in Grusky
- classical and contemporary studies
- from status attainment to human capital
- recommended readings
- Alan C. Kerchoff, 1984, "The Current State of Social Mobility Research." Sociological Quarterly 25:139-153.
- Alan C. Kerchoff (editor), 1996, Generating Social Stratification: Toward a New Research Agenda (Boulder, CO: Westview Press)
Sixth Class Meeting: rationality, status, and party
- psychological approaches: read pp. 421-488 in Grusky
- status and party implications: readpp. 491-552 in Grusky
- recommended readings
- Peter M. Blau, 1986, Exchange & Power in Social Life (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books)
- Mary R. Jackman and Robert W. Jackman, 1983, Class Awareness in the United States (Berkeley, University of California Press)
Seventh Class Meeting: racial inequality: read pp. 555-670 in Grusky
- recommended readings
- Margaret L. Andersen and Patricia Hill Collins,2001, Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning).
- Richard Hogan, 2001, "Class, Race, and Gender Inequality." Race, Gender & Class 8 (2):61-93.
- Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, 1997, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (NY: Routledge)
Eighth Class Meeting: gender inequality: read pp. 671-790 in Grusky
- recommended readings
- Michelle J. Budig and Paula England, 2001, "The Wage Penalty of Motherhood." American Sociological Review 66:204-225.
- Richard Hogan, Carolyn C. Perrucci, and Autumn Behringer, 2005, "Enduring Inequality: Gender and Employment Income in Late Career." Sociological Spectrum 25:53-77.
- Barbara F. Reskin and Debra Branch McBrier, 2000, "Why Not Ascription? Organizations' Employment of Male and Female Managers." American Sociological Review 65:210-233.
- Donald Tomaskovic-Devey and Sheryl Skaggs, 2002, "Sex Segregation, Labor Process Organization, and Gender Inequality at Work." American Journal of Sociology 108:102-128.
- Alison J. Wellington, 1994, "Accounting for the Male/Female Wage Gap Among Whites: 1976 and 1985." American Sociological Review 59:839-848.
Ninth Class Meeting: the future of inequality: read pp. 793-890 in Grusky
Class Meetings 10-15: Your Projects and Related Issues. No assigned readings.
These last weeks will be reserved for student reports on research projects and discussion of issues related to those reports. By this time we all should have read Grusky, two other recommended books, and as much additional material as necessary to facilitate the research project.
Additional Concerns
This will be a readings/research seminar for graduate students. The expectation is that you will do all of the required readings prior to the class for which they are assigned and will come to class prepared to discuss them. Similarly, it is expected that you know the rules governing the appropriate use and citation of sources. Just for the record, plagiarism (the presentation of other's ideas or words as one's own) is grounds for failure in the course and disciplinary action that might well include expulsion from the university.
Your grade will be based on your class participation (~40%) and your final project (~60%). We will discuss both in class.
This is the third time that I've offered this seminar, so it is still very much a work in progress. The books and articles selected as recommended readings, and even the textbook selected for required reading, were selected tentatively. At this point, it seems most practical for us to read Grusky together, while each of you develops ideas for a research project. Since this is likely to be a very small class, I can offer individual assistance with both the theoretical and the methodological problems that you are likely to encounter in your research.
There are, however, faculty and graduate student assistants who are specifically charged with teaching methods and statistics. I have spent the last two decades teaching theory courses, but I can certainly add to the recommended readings in order to tailor your readings to your individual interests. Plus, based on my research in this area, I have not only a fairly extensive bibliography that we might draw upon but a fair amount of experience with different data sets and different data-management and statistical software packages. Furthermore, you/we can download just about anything that you might need to do secondary data analysis (assuming that it is not illegal or unethical and that you have passed the CITI tests and are qualified to do research on human subjects at Purdue). The prospects for help in gathering your own data are more limited, but you can always ask faculty (including me, although your major professor would be a good first contact) for help.
My hope is that we will have stimulating discussions of the required and recommended readings, leading to presentations of your research projects. As of now, I have no particular agenda, other than providing a general background as a basis for a preliminary analysis of social inequality. Your interests will shape the direction that we take, particularly in the closing weeks. My intention is not to lecture but to facilitate discussion and to be a good secretary—taking notes on our discussions that I might later expand into something like lecture notes.
My hope is that at the end of this semester each of you will have a paper that you might be able to develop for publication.
Additional Readings (if you want more, just ask)
Abbott, Andrew. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Agger, Ben. 1989. “Is Wright Wrong (Or Should Burawoy be Buried)? Reflections on the Crisis of the ‘Crisis of Marxism,’” Berkeley Journal of Sociology 34:187-207.
Aldrich, Howard, and Jane Weiss. 1981. “Differentiation within the United States Capitalist Class: Workforce Size and Income Differences,” American Sociological Review 46:279-290.
Allessio, John and Julie Andrzejewshi. 2000. "Unveiling the Hidden Glass Ceiling: An Analysis of the Cohort Effect Claim." American Sociological Review 65:311-15.
Anderson, Elijah and Douglas S. Massey. 2001. Problem of the Century: Racial Stratification in the United StatesNew York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Baxter, Janeen and Erik Olin Wright. 2000. "The Glass Ceiling Hypothesis: A Comparative Study of the United States, Sweden, and Australia." Gender & Society 14:275-94.
Behringer, Autumn, Rich Hogan, and Carolyn C. Perrucci. 2004. "Disentangling Disadvantage: Race, Gender, Class, and Occupational Effects on the Employment Earnings of Older U.S. Workers." International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 41, 2:147-162.
Bendix, Reinhardt, and Seymour Martin Lipset (eds). 1966. Class, Status, and Power: Social Stratification in Comparative Perspective. NY: Free Press.
Bielby, William T., and Robert M. Hauser. 1977. “Response Error in Earnings Functions for Nonblack Males,” Sociological Methods & Research 6, 1 (November):241-280.
Blau, Peter M., and Otis Dudley Duncan. 1967. The American Occupational Structure. NY: Free Press.
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. 1976. Schooling in Capitalist America NY: Basic Books.
Burawoy, Michael. 1986. “Making Nonsense of Marx,” Contemporary Sociology 15, 5 (September):704-707.
Burawoy, Michael. 1989. “The Limits of Wright’s Analytical Marxism and an Alternative.” Pages 78-99 in The Debate on Classes. NY: Verso.
Burawoy, Michael. 2003a. “Revisits: An Outline of a Theory of Reflexive Ethnography,” American Sociological Review 68:645-679.
Burawoy, Michael. 2003b “South Africanizing U.S. Sociology,” From the Left, the newsletter of the Section on Marxist Sociology of the American Sociological Association , 24, 3 (Fall):1, 12-13.
Cancio, Silvia A., T. David Evans, and David J. Maume, Jr. 1996. "Reconsidering the Declining Significance of Race: Racial Differences in Early Career Wages." American Sociological Review 61:541-56.
Carchedi, Guglielmo. 1975. “On the Economic Identification of the New Middle Class,” Economy and Society 4:1-86.
Carchedi, Guglielmo. 1989. “Classes and Class Analysis.” Pages 105-125 in The Debate on Classes. NY: Verso.
Cohen, Lisa E., Joseph P. Broshak and Heather A. Haveman. 1998. "And Then There Were More? The Effects of Organizational Sex Composition on the Hiring and Promotion of Managers." American Sociological Review 63:711-27.
Colclough, Glenna, and Patrick M. Horan. 1983. “The Status Attainment Paradigm: An Application of a Kuhnian Perspective,” The Sociological Quarterly 24:25-42.
Cotter, David A., JoAnn DeFiore, Joan M. Hermsen, Brenda Marstellar-Kowalewski and Reeve Vanneman. 1997. “All Women Benefit: The Macro-Level Effect of Occupational Integration on Gender Earnings Equality.” American Sociological Review 62:714-34.
Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen, Seth Ovadia and Reeve Vanneman. 2001. "The Glass Ceiling Effect." Social Forces 80:655-82.
Davis, Kingsley, and Wilbert E. Moore. 1945. “Some Principles of Stratification,” American Sociological Review 10:242-249.
DiQuattro, Arthur. 1984. “A Note on the Dispensibility of the Labor Theory of Value,” Review of Radical Political Economics 16, 2/3:199-203.
England, Paula, Joan M Hermsen, and David A. Cotter. 2000. “The Devaluation of Women’s Work: A Comment on Tam.” American Journal of Sociology 105:1741-60.
Feagin, Joe R. and Eileen O’Brien. 2003. White Men on Race: Power, Privilege, and the Shaping of Cultural Consciousness. Boston: Beacon.
Ferree, Myra Marx and Bandana Pukayastha. 2000. "Equality and Cumulative Disadvantage: Response to Baxter and Wright." Gender & Society 14:809-13.
Firestone, Juanita M., Richard J. Harris, Linda C. Lambert. 1999. “Gender Role Ideology and the Gender Based Differences in Earnings.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues 20(2):191-215.
Fischer, Norman. 1984. “A Response to Arthur DiQuattro’s, ‘A Note on the Dispensability of the Labor Theory of Value,’” Review of Radical Political Economics 16, 2/3:205-210.
Griffin, Larry J. 1978. “On Estimating the Economic Value of Schooling and Experience,” Sociological Method & Research 6, 3 (February):309-336.
Grusky, David B., and Jesper B. Sørensen. 1998. “Can Class Analysis Be Salvaged?” American Journal of Sociology 103:1187-1234.
Halaby, Charles N., and David L. Weakliem. 1993 “Ownership and Authority in the Earnings Function: Nonnested Tests of Alternative Specification,” American Sociological Review 58:16-30.
Halaby, Charles N. 1993. “Reply to Wright,” American Sociological Review 58:35-36.
Hall, Richard H. 1983. “Theoretical Trends in the Sociology of Occupations,” The Sociological Quarterly 24:5-23.
Hauser, Robert M., Peter J. Dickinson, Harry P. Travis, and John N. Koffel. 1975 “Structural Changes in Occupational Mobility Among Men in the United States,” American Sociological Review 40:585-598.
Heyns, Barbara. 1978 “Review Essay, Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life. By Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis.” American Journal of Sociology 83:999-1006.
Hogan, Richard. 2001. "Class, Race, and Gender Inequality." Race, Gender & Class 8 (2):61-93.
Hogan, Richard. 2005. "Was Wright Wrong?" High Class Jobs and the Professional Earnings Advantage." Social Science Quarterly 86 (3):645-663.
Hogan, Richard, Mesook Kim, and Carolyn C. Perrucci. 1997. "Racial Inequality in Men's Employment and Retirement Earnings." The Sociological Quarterly38 (3):431-438.
Hogan, Richard and Carolyn C. Perrucci. 1998. "Producing and Reproducing Class and Status Differences: Racial and Gender Gaps in U.S. Employment and Retirement Income." Social Problems 45:528-49.
Hogan, Richard, Carolyn C. Perrucci and Autumn Behringer. 2005. "Enduring Inequality: Gender and Employment Income in Late Career." Sociological Spectrum 25:53-77.
Horan, Patrick M. 1978 “Is Status Attainment Research Atheoretical?” American Sociological Review 43:534-541.
Kalleberg, Arne L. 1983. “Work and Stratification: Structural Perspectives,” Work and Occupations 10, 3 (August):251-259.
Kalleberg, Arne L., and Larry J. Griffin. 1980. “Class, Occupation, and Inequality in Job Rewards,” American Journal of Sociology 85:731-768.
Kerckhoff, Alan C. 1984 “The Current State of Social Mobility Research,” The Sociological Quarterly 25:139-153.
Lazonick, William H. 1978 “Social Institutions, Imperfect Information, and the Distribution of Income: A Comment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 92:179-184.
Lindsey, J.K. 1983 “Classes in Marxist Theory,” Review of Radical Political Economics 15, 1 (spring):149-152.
Lord, George F., III, and William W. Falk. 1980. “An Exploratory Analysis of Individualist Versus Structuralist Explanations of Income,” Social Forces 80:376-391.
Lord, George F., III, and William W. Falk. 1982. “Dual Economy, Dual labor, and Dogmatic Marxism: Reply to Morrisey,” Social Forces 82:891-897.
Marx, Karl. 1844 “The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844.” Pages 66-125, in Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader, Second Edition, NY: Norton, 1978.
Marx, Karl. 1867. Capital, volume 1. NY: International Publishers, 1967.
Marx, Karl. 1894. Capital, volume 3. NY: International Publishers, 1967.
Maume, David J., Jr. 1999a. "Occupational Segregation and the Career Mobility of White Men and Women." Social Forces 77:1433-59.
Maume, David J., Jr. 1999b. "Glass Ceilings and Glass Elevators: Occupational Segregation and Race and Sex Differences in Managerial Promotions." Work and Occupations 26:483-509.
Maume, David J., Jr. 2004. "Wage Discrimination over the Life Course: A Comparison of Explanations." Social Problems 51:505-27.
McNall, Scott G., Rhonda F. Levine, and Rick Fantasia (eds.). 1991. Bringing Class Back In: Contemporary & Historical Perspectives. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Morgan, Laurie A. 1998. "Glass-Ceiling Effect or Cohort Effect? A Longitudinal Study of the Gender Earnings Gap for Engineers, 1982 to 1989." American Sociological Review 63:479-83.
Morgan, Laurie A. 2000. "Is Engineering Hostile to Women? An Analysis of Data from the 1993 National Survey of College Graduates." American Sociological Review 65:316-21.
Morrissey, Marietta. 1982. “The Dual Economy and Labor Market Segmentation: A Comment on Lord and Falk,” Social Forces 82:883-890.
O’Brien, Robert M., and Val Burris. 1983. “Comparing Models of Class Structure,” Social Science Quarterly 64:445-459.
Oliver, Melvin L. and Thomas M. Shapiro. 1997. Black Wealth/White Wealth: New Perspectives on Racial Inequality. New York: Routledge.
Ozawa, Martha N. and Hak-Ju Kim. 2001. "Money's Worth in Social Security Benefits: Black-White Differences." Social Work Research 25 (1):1-14.
Parcel, Toby L., and Charles W. Mueller. 1983. “Occupational Differentiation, Prestige, and Socioeconomic Status,” Work and Occupations 10, 1 (February): 49-80.
Parker, Robert Nash, and Rudy Fenwick. 1983. “The Pareto Curve and Its Utility for Open-Ended Income Distributions in Survey Research,” Social Forces 61:872-885.
Perrucci, Robert, and Earl Wysong. 1999. The New Class Society. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.
Portes, Alejandro, and Min Zhou. 1996. “Self-Employment and the Earnings of Immigrants,” American Sociological Review 61:219-230.
Reskin, Barbara F. and Debra Branch McBrier. 2000. “Why Not Ascription? Organizations’ Employment of Male and Female Managers.” American Sociological Review 65:210-33.
Resnick, Stephen, and Richard D. Wolf. 1982 “Classes in Marxian Theory,” Review of Radical Political Economics 13, 4 (winter): 1-18.
Resnick, Stephen, and Richard D. Wolf. 2003. “The Diversity of Class Analyses: A Critique of Erik Olin Wright,” Critical Sociology 29, 1:7-27.
Robinson, Robert V. 1984. “Structural Change and Class Mobility in Capitalist Societies,” Social Forces 63:51-71.
Robinson, Robert V. and Jonathan Kelley. “Class as Conceived by Marx and Dahrendorf: Effects on Income Inequality and Politics in the United States and Great Britain,” American Sociological Review 44:38-58.