Slide #1 History of Career Counseling

Slide #1 History of Career Counseling

COE 8203

Career Placement & Development

Slide #2 Tug and Pull Issues in Career Counseling

Personal Counseling versus Career Counseling

Role of assessment/measurement

Dealing with issues at same time

Personal

Career

Job satisfaction and fulfillment

Slide #3 Historical Contributors

Rise of industrialism

Study of individual differences

Frank Parsons

First Vocational Conference on Vocational Guidance

Measurement Movement

Government Activity

Slide #4 Industrial Revolution

Loss of identity (sweat shop crowd)

Minimizing “vocation” or “calling”

Spirit of reform

Interest in assessment of individual abilities

Slide #5 Study of Human Abilities

Francis Galton: books about origin of abilities (England)

Welheim Wundt: experimental lab to study human behavior (Germany)

Alfred Binet: measurement of mental capacities (France)

G. Stanley Hall: Lab to study & measure physical and mental characteristics (USA)

James Cattell: mental measurement tests (USA)

John Dewey: individual motivation, interests, and development (USA)

Slide #6 Study of Human Abilities (continued)

Greater emphasis on all aspects of lifestyle

Major emphasis on potential & work-related experience

Greater emphasis on individuality of traits and abilities

Development of humanistic counseling

Slide #7 Frank Parsons

Father of Vocational Guidance

Common sense approach:

Clear understanding of self, aptitudes, abilities, interests, resources, limits, etc

Knowledge of requirements and conditions for work success, advantages and disadvantages,opportunities, prospects, etc

True reasoning of these groups of facts

Influences of Parsons

Basis for Employment Counseling

E. G. Williamson (Directive Counseling)

Slide #8 Measurement Movement

Assessment of aptitude (after personnel problems during World War I)

Types of Assessment

Tests: Achievement, Intelligence (Binet, Terman, Otis), Aptitude (Hull)

Inventories: Personality (Myers-Briggs), Interests (Strong)

Slide #9 Acts of Government

1917 Smith Hughes Act (Voc. Ed.)

George Dean Act of 1936 (more V.E.)

1933 Wagner-Peyser Act (Emp. Service)

1939 first DOT published

1938 B’nai B’rith Voc. Service Bureau

1939 Jewish Occupational Council

Slide #10 Directive (Williamson) or Non-Directive (Rogers)

Williamson

Straightforward: 6 steps

Counselor authority with advice offered

Traits matched with job requirements

Counselor leads, asks questions

Counselor leads specific activities

Rogers

Emphasis on affect & motivation

Greater emphasis on client-counselor interaction

Verbal dialogue more important

De-emphasis on testing, records, & authority

Slide #11 HISTORY OF WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Slide #12 Public Policy Issues/Priorities

Colonial Period was 1607 - 1776

Importance of reading the Bible to gain salvation

Train ministers and teachers

Republic and Ante-Bellum Period was1766 to 1860

Need for a responsible electorate

Horace Mann, of Massachusetts, promoted Free Public Education

Slide #13 Public Policy Issues/Priorities

Agricultural and Industrial Expansion (1861-1929)

Need to have a competitive farm workforce (Morrill Land Grant College Act 1862)

Important to support industrial expansion (Injunctions against union right to strike)

Important to have a skilled workforce (Smith-Hughes Act of1917 – Federal funding of vocational education – subsequent acts/amendments [1963 change to meet specific needs of groups who could not succeed in regular vocational education programs because of educational, socioeconomic and other obstacles])

Slide #14 Public Policy Issues/Priorities (continued)

Depression and WWII - 1929-1945

Need to create services and programs to get people working

Civilian Conservation Corps – CCC

Wagner-Peyser Act – 1933 – nationwide employment service –Recognition of need to provide an economic security net

Social Security Act of 1935 established the unemployment insurance system.

World War II – The Employment Service was federalized and dealt primarily with labor shortages.

Slide #15 Public Policy Issues/Priorities (continued)

Post World War II to 1964

Need to help returning servicemen find employment

Administration of the Employment Service returned to the state level concentrated on helping returning servicemen and displaced defense workers.

Need to retrain returning servicemen

GI Bill of Rights – 1944

Slide #16 Social and Cold War issues affect employment legislation

The Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1954 – proving ground for broader social legislation by focusing on rehabilitating and employing the disabled.

National Defense Education Act – 1958 teacher training priority to deal with teacher shortages and the competition with the Soviet Union space/science programs

Manpower Development Training Act (MDTA) 1962 and Trade Expansion Act of 1962 – retrained mature, experienced family head of households who had been displaced by changes in technology and the economy.

Youth Unemployment Act – 1963 – established the Youth Conservation Corps

Civil Rights Act of 1964 – Provided counseling and assistance to minority group members to enter occupations that had been closed to them. It brought sweeping changes throughout society.

Slide #17 Public Policy Issues/Priorities (continued)

1964 to 1968

War on Poverty

Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments of 1965 – the definition of disability was expanded to include impairment due to “vocational, educational, cultural, social, environmental, or other factors.”

Higher Education Act of 1965 and Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 – provided for compensatory education for those from deprived homes and neighborhood environments.

1966 - subsidies provided to private employers to encourage hiring disadvantaged workers.

Slide #18

The Job Corps Act of 1966 – established residential vocational training centers for disadvantaged youth.

Social Security Amendments of 1967 – created the Work Incentive Program (WIN). The goal was to improve the employability of welfare clients receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children (AFCD)

Other Social Legislation of the 1960s – enhanced the role of employment counselors in workforce development programs. Some of these programs were: Neighborhood Youth Corps, Jobs Corps, Concentrated Employment Programs, Work Experience and training programs, and programs directed at specific groups such as migrants and seasonal farm workers.

Slide #19 Public Policy Issues/Priorities (continued)

1968 to Present

Riots of the 60s, Vietnam War, move to decentralize programs

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 1973 – proved job training and employment opportunities for economically disadvantaged, unemployed or underemployed persons. Under this act, funds for the delivery of employment and training services went to the local communities. Local organizations and the Employment Service provided services such as job training, counseling and testing.

Slide #20 1968 to present (continued)

Job Training Partnership Act, 1982 – This act provided funds directly to local cities, counties and county consortia to provide employment and training services to economically disadvantaged and displaced workers. Employment counseling was provided by JTPA staff and in some cases under contract to the Employment Service.

Realizing Economic Achievement (REACH), 1987 – This program evaluated training skills and needs of AFDC clients and prepared them for suitable employment. These strategies/services have traditionally been considered counselor-related functions. This program was called JOBS.

Slide #21 Public Policy Issues/Priorities

Move to work with private industry more closely and to give more control to states and local areas

Examples:

School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994 – federal grants to help states implement S-t-W Systems.

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 1992 .

Slide #22 Government Workforce Development Initiatives

Slide #23 Priority to have every able person work, continue the move to local control and provide universal access to all citizens seeking employment

Welfare to Work

Workforce Investment Act of 1998.

Slide #24 Other Influences of Career Counseling

Rogerian Theory

World War 2

Developmental career theories

Changing social values

NOICC

America’s Career Resource Network (ACRN)

Global market

Job restructuring

Dual Careers

Aging workforce

Job Stress

Technology

Preparation for work

Slide #25 Changing Times

Vocational Education (some higher education needed, SCANS)

More women and more culturally diverse work forces

Global placement

Blending of career and personal counseling

Slide #26 Integrated Approach

Clients are complex (issues impact various areas of life)

Counselors need broad array of skills.

Career issues not isolated from other mental health issues.

All counselors need specialized education in career counseling.