CHEMISTRY REFERENCE PACKET

SI Prefixes:English-Metric Conversions:

Prefix / Symbol / Multiplication Factor
giga / G / 109
108
107
mega / M / 106
105
104
kilo / k / 103
hecto / h / 102
deca / da / 101
GRAM LITER METER
deci / d / 10-1
centi / c / 10-2
milli / m / 10-3
10-4
10-5
micro / μ / 10-6
10-7
10-8
nano / n / 10-9
10-10
10-11
pico / p / 10-12

VOLUME:

1 LITER = 1.06 QUARTS

1 GALLON = 4 QUARTS

1 QUART = 32 FLUID OUNCES

1 QUART = 2 PINTS

1 QUART = 4 CUPS

1 CUP = 8 FLUID OUNCES

WEIGHT:

1 KILOGRAM = 2.20 POUNDS

1 POUND = 454 GRAMS

1 POUND = 16 OUNCES

1 TON = 2000 POUNDS

1 METRIC TON = 1000 KILOGRAMS

LENGTH:

1 INCH = 2.54 CENTIMETERS

1 FOOT = 12 INCHES

1 YARD = 36 INCHES

1 METER = 39.37 INCHES

1 MILE = 1.609 KILOMETERS

1 MILE = 5280 FEET

1 MILE = 1760 YARDS

SI Base Units:

Quantity / Unit / Symbol
Length / meter / m
Mass / kilogram / kg
Time / second / s
Electric current / ampere / A
Thermodynamic temperature / kelvin / K
Amount of substance / mole / mol
Luminous intensity / candela / cd

Some Special Relationships:

1 mL = 1 cm3

1 mL of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 g

1 L of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 kg

1 m3 of H2O has a mass of approximately 1 metric ton

Significant Figures

The Rules

Rule 1: All non-zero digits are counted as significant.

Rule 2: A zero between any two non-zero digits is also significant.

Rule 3: Zeros used to locate the decimal point within a number are not considered significant.

Rule 4: Zeros to the right of a decimal point, at the end of a number, are considered significant.

EXAMPLE / # OF SIG FIGS / COMMENT
453 kg / 3 / All non-zero digits are always significant.
5057 L / 4 / Zeros between 2 sigfigs are significant.
5.00 / 3 / Additional zeros to the right of decimal and a sigfig are significant.
0.007 / 1 / Placeholders are not significant.
Calculations
1. Addition & Subtraction:
The answer is rounded to match the number with the least precision in the addition or subtraction problem.

6.2456 + 6.2 = 12.4456 is rounded to 12.4(6.2 is precise to the tenths)

250 + 14.75 = 264.75 rounded to 260 (the zero on 250 is not significant; therefore 250 is precise to the tens place)

2. Multiplication & Division:

The answer is rounded to match the number with the least number of significant figures in the multiplication or division problem.

2.51 x 2.30 = 5.773 rounded to 5.77

2.4 x 0.000673 = 0.0016152 rounded to 0.0016

3200 x 1.555 = 4976 rounded to 5Ō00 or 5.0x103

6.165 / 4.11= 1.5 changed to 1.50 to reflect fewest sig figs

Charges or oxidation numbers of simple monatomic ions
1+
cesium, Cs1+
copper(I), Cu1+
hydrogen, H1+
lithium, Li1+
potassium, K1+
rubidium, Rb1+
silver, Ag1+
sodium, Na1+
thallium(I), Tl1+ / 2+
barium, Ba2+magnesium, Mg2+
cadmium, Cd2+manganese(II), Mn2+
calcium, Ca2+mercury(II), Hg2+
cobalt(II), Co2+nickel(II), Ni2+
copper(II), Cu2+strontium, Sr2+
iron(II), Fe2+tin(II), Sn2+
lead(II), Pb2+zinc, Zn2+ / 3+
aluminum, Al3+
bismuth(III), Bi3+
cerium(III), Ce3+
chromium(III), Cr3+
gallium(III), Ga3+
iron(III), Fe3+
titanium(III), Ti3+ / 4+
germanium(IV), Ge4+
lead(IV), Pb4+
silicon(IV), Si4+
thorium, Th4+
tin(IV), Sn4+
titanium(IV), Ti4+
zirconium(IV), Zr4+
1-
bromide, Br1-
chloride, Cl1-
fluoride, F1-
hydride, H1-
iodide, I1- / 2-
oxide, O2-
selenide, Se2-
sulfide, S2-
telluride, Te2- / 3-
arsenide, As3-
nitride, N3-
phosphide, P3- / 4-
carbide, C4-
charges or oxidation states of polyatomic ions
1+
*ammonium, NH41+
1-
*acetate, C2H3O21-
azide, N31-
bromate, BrO31-
*bicarbonate, HCO31-
or hydrogen carbonate
*bisulfate, HSO41-
or hydrogen sulfate
*chlorate, ClO31-
*chlorite, ClO21-
cyanate, OCN1-
*cyanide, CN1-
dihydrogen phosphate,
H2PO41-
formate, CHO21-
*hydroxide, OH1-
*hypochlorite, ClO1-
iodate, IO31-
*nitrate, NO31-
*nitrite, NO21-
*perchlorate, ClO41-
periodate, IO41-
*permanganate, MnO41-
thiocyanate, SCN1- / 2-
*carbonate, CO32-
*chromate, CrO42-
*dichromate, Cr2O72-
molybdate, MoO42-
monohydrogen phosphate,
HPO42-
oxalate, C2O42-
*peroxide, O22-
phthalate, C8H4O42-
selenate, SeO42-
silicate, SiO32-
*sulfate, SO42-
*sulfite, SO32-
tartarate, C4H4O62-
tetraborate, B4O72-
thiosulfate, S2O32- / 3-
*arsenate, AsO43-
arsenite, AsO33-
borate, BO33-
ferricyanide, Fe(CN)63-
*phosphate, PO43-
*phosphite PO33- / 4-
ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64-
pyrophosphate, P4O74-

COMMON ION TABLE

1

MOLE ROAD MAP

GAS LAWS

Gas Law Formulas
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
OR
P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2 / Combined Gas Law
PV = nRT / Ideal Gas Law
R = 8.31 L·kPa/mol·K OR R= 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K
Standard Pressure:
1atm = 760torr = 760 mmHg = 101.3kPa = 14.7 psi
Standard Temperature:
273 K = 0 °C or °C + 273 = K

STOICHIOMETRY ROAD MAP

* theoretical yield

1