Sheldon Biology Semester I Review Sheet

Honors Biology Midterm Review Guide: 2015 - 2016 ANSWERS

Introduction

1. Observation uses your senses (smell, taste, touch, see, hear) and is measureable to some degree. Inference is an application/interpretation of that observation.

2. Qualitative data is information about qualities; information that can't actually be measured. Some examples of qualitative data are the softness of your skin, the grace with which you run, and the color of your eyes. However, try telling Photoshop you can't measure color with numbers.

Quantitative data is information about quantities; that is, information that can be measured and written down with numbers. Some examples ofquantitative dataare your height, your shoe size, and the length of your fingernails.

3. Scientific Method (below)

Here's a quick look at the difference between qualitative

and quantitative data.

The age of your car. (Quantitative.)
The number of hairs on your knuckle. (Quantitative.)
The softness of a cat. (Qualitative.)
The color of the sky. (Qualitative.)
The number of pennies in your pocket. (Quantitative.)

4. Independent- the variable being manipulated and

it goes on the X axis; dependent- the variable that

may change from the independent variable being

manipulated and is on the Y axis; test one variable

at a time;

5. Control group – does not contain the variable being tested

Treatment group – contains the variable being tested

Constant/controlled variables – these are things that should

be the same in an experiment that contains a control and

treatment group. They should not be a ‘hidden’ factor that

could have caused a change in an experiment.

6.

7. Hypothesis is either asuggestedexplanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena. It is guide for an experiment. Inscience, atheoryis a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. A theory is always backed by evidence; a hypothesis is only a suggested possible outcome, and is testable and falsifiable.

8. Characteristics of Life:

·  All living things detect changes in their environment and respond to them. (stimulus and response)

·  All living things grow and develop.

·  All living things are capable of reproduction, the process by which living things give rise to offspring.

Sexual – 2 parents combine their DNA; Asexual – offspring identical to parent

·  All living things are able to maintain a constant internal environment throughhomeostasis.

(ex. Sweat when hot and shiver when cold)

·  All living things have complex chemistry (obtain and use energy = metabolism)

·  All forms of life are built of cells. A cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of living things.

(unicellular vs multicellular)

9. Homeostasis – maintaining a balance in your body

Temperature – too hot, sweat; too cold – shiver

Blood pressure – too much water in blood – kidney’s remove water and you urinate more

Not enough water – less urine is created.

Metabolism is obtaining and using energy to live. Remember the A, B, C, D process…

Anabolism is building (dehydration synthesis) and Catabolism is digesting (hydrolysis)

10. Organization: (give an example of each, too)

Biosphere – biome- ecosystem – community --- population—organism---organ system --- organ – tissue – cell- cell organelle --- molecule ---- atom

11. So you are probably wondering why this is on here…..

Well we have studied the energy component and eventually we

will be studying ecology, so it seemed like a good place to put

this…

12. Review your lab safety…

Biochemistry

1.  What is the atomic number? Atomic weight? An isotope? An ion? Atomic number is the number of protons in an element – it is its identity. Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons in an element. Isotope is form of an element that weighs more due to more neutrons. Ion is either a positively or negatively charged element / compound due to gaining or losing electrons.

How are oxygen -18 and oxygen -16 isotopes?

(P = 8, E = 8 and N = 10) (P= 8, E = 8 and N = 8)

2.  Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons based on the periodic table. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of electrons of an element on the periodic table is the atomic number. Neutrons are calculated by the atomic mass minus the atomic number.

a.  What are the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in Carbon & Chlorine?

Carbon: 6 protons, 6 electrons, 6 neutrons Chlorine: 17 electrons, 17 protons, 18 neutrons

3.  What are the number of electron cloud layers and how many electrons are in each?

Each row of the periodic table is the number of layers in the electron cloud.

Each column (up and down) is the number of electrons in the outer most layer.

a.  Draw electron cloud configuration for Magnesium and Chlorine

4.  Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation- reactants are on the left side of the equation and products are on the right side.

·  Hydrogen and oxygen are reactants that make water. H2 + O2 à H2O

·  Oxygen and glucose are reactants that hydrolyze to carbon dioxide and water in this exergonic reaction 6O2 + C6H12O6 à 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

5.  What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Give an example of each. Ionic bonds are made when an electron leaves the outer layer of one element and goes to another element – creating two ions. The atoms attract due to opposite charge like salt Na+ and Cl-. Covalent bonds are when elements share the electrons in the outermost layer like H2O.

6.  Properties of water:

a. Polar – uneven sharing of electrons; this leads to electronegativity

b. Cohesive- due to its polarity, the slight charges are attracted to other things.

This is one of the reasons why a meniscus forms in graduated cylinders

c. Adhesion – water sticks to itself…. This is why water forms a ball on wax paper

d. Surface tension – animals can walk on water due to its adhesion and cohesive properties

e. 3 phases (ice, liquid, gas) depending on the temperature here on earth

f. hydrophilic –

g. ‘universal’ solvent – dissolves like (hydrophilic) substances

h. forms H bonds…

i.

7.  What is pH? How does what know if a substance is an acid or base or neutral? pH is the measure of H+ ion concentration in a solution. Scale 0-14. Less than 7 acid, greater than 7 base. & is considered neutral or pure water.

8.  Chemical formula structural formula shorthand formula

a.

Glucose

b.

9.  Identify which functional groups are present for a given molecule.

10. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins be able to

a.  Identify the monomers for each? How does the molecule progress to be a polymer?

b.  How does dehydration synthesis work to build a polymer of each group?

c.  How does hydrolysis work to break down the polymer of each group?

d.  What are the different functions of each group?

11. What are the different forms and functions of polysaccharides (all glucoses hooked together):

Glycogen- branched chain (short term) stored energy for glucose

Cellulose- structural support in stems of plants (we cannot digest it)

Starch- complex sugar food source found in potatoes, rice, and corn

12. How can you tell the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.

Saturated- have no C=C double bonds and all C are saturated with H atoms. Monounsaturated- have one C=C double bond, and polyunsaturated has two or more C=C bonds.

13. A triglyceride is one glycerol and three fatty acids.

-remove one of the fatty acid chains and add

a phosphate group. The phosphate and glycerol

are polar, hence the head is hydrophilic and the

two tails are still hydrophobic

remember – this is an amphipathic molecule

-phospholipids are used in building cell membranes

14. What is cholesterol and why is it important?

A compound of the sterol type found in most body tissues, including the blood and the nerves. Cholesterol (three room and a house) and its derivatives are important constituents of cell membranes and precursors of other steroid compounds, but high concentrations in the blood (mainly derived from animal fats in the diet) are thought to promote atherosclerosis. It helps to keep membranes fluid when the temperature is too cold or helps keep it in tact if the temperature gets too high. Like a buffer.

15. What are the 4 types of protein structures? What mechanisms are in place to cause the shape at each level.

Primary- polypeptide between the amino group and carboxyl group of two separate amino acids

Secondary-alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets—uses H bonds between the C=O and N-H

Tertiary- “R” groups: Ionic bonds, sulfur bridges, hydrophobic reactions, hydrogen bonds.

Quaternary- same as tertiary, but uses two or more tertiary structures together (like hemoglobin which has 4 tertiary structures in it quaternary molecule. Not all proteins have this level

16. Interpret a graph on the effects of an enzyme-interpretation of graph data

17. Potential is stored (like in bonds of a molecule) where kinetic is of action (sunlight, heat)

18. First law: energy cannot be created or destroyed; just rearranged; ultimate source of energy is the sun

Second law: every energy transfer releases untrappable energy known as entropy; this is what keeps our body warm as we are endotherms.

19. This is the energy coupling diagram that has been on two tests so far….. find it in your book or your notes and study the parts. Relate # 17 and #18 to this diagram. Learn the associated terms!!!!

20 . ATP – adenosine triphosphate

A nucleotide (sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen) a

are modified by adding one additional phosphate

(now ADP) and then another one to make the

Molecule (ATP).

With the phosphates being negatively charges,

this assists in ‘possibly’ more energy released from

the hydrolysis of the bond.

How is energy released in ATP? When chemical bonds are broken between phosphates energy is

released

21. Three kinds of work when ATP is hydrolyzed:

·  Mechanical – muscle movement

·  Chemical – building bonds – like anabolism for a protein out of amino acids

·  Active transport – using energy via cellular respiration in the mitochondria to go against a gradient or endo/exocytosis processes

22.

Factors that affect enzymes: (can cause denaturing)

Saltiness

pH

temperature (boiling)

mixing

23. See diagram to right for competitive and

non-competitive inhibition.

Feedback inhibition means an end product,

Turns the series of reactions off until some

Of the end product is consumed.

24. Explain the induced fit model – such as sucrase on sucrose- possible essay question.

E + S --> ES --> E + P / Sucrase (enzyme) binds to sucrose (substrate) à (products) glucose and

fructose +sucrase (enzyme)

25. What is denaturation of an enzyme – how does it occur? Protein breaks down and unfolds due to

extreme temperature and pH changes. Changes its shape and no longer can easily have an induced fit

26. Metabolism: sum of all building and breaking down in your body; assisted with enzymes (A, B, C, D)

A = anabolism

B = building (dehydration synthesis)

C = catabolism

D= digestion/destroying (hydrolysis)

The Cell

1. What is the difference between a plant and animal cell

2. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote cell

– prokaryotic lacks a nucleus most other organelles; smaller; circular DNA in nucleoid region

- eukaryotic cell has a membrane bound nucleus and organelles; larger; linear DNA

- both have DNA and ribosomes

3. Why is the phospholipid bilayer important- creates a barrier to regulate the transport of substances in and out of a cell; hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, transport proteins. Oxygen and water diffuse (although water more so by aquaporins), glucose by proteins (facilitated). Exocytosis / endocytosis- moving material out or into cell by vesicles made of membrane. Amphipathic means there is a water-loving and a water-hating side of one molecule. This allows a barrier when a bilayer is created.

4. Label the main parts of a cell membrane and discuss structure and function

a. carbohydrate chain (on a lipid – so glycolipid)

b. glycoprotein (sugar on protein)

c. glucose – monomer of carbo chain

d. phospholipid head – hydrophilic area

e. fatty acid tails – hydrophobic area

f. lipid bilayer – forms barrier for cell

g. microfilaments – scaffolding of cell

h. peripheral protein- moves and attachment

i. cholesterol – helps control fluidity of cell membrane

j. transmembrane/intergral protein- associated with

active and passive transport through membrane

5. Passive and Active transport in a cell