Semester Ii Exam Study Guide

SEMESTER II EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Overview:

Content Areas

A.  4 General Questions: 1st Semester

B.  Time Period: Fall of Rome to Absolutism

C.  Text Chapters: 5(5), 7, 8, 9,10(1-2),13,15 (2,4), and 16

Parts of the Test

67% covers factual knowledge

Format:

·  33 multiple choice

·  18 identification of geographical elements on map

33% Analysis and Interpretation

·  Format: 2 short essays

·  based on questions posed on primary and secondary source materials.

**Extra-Credit: Identify 6 key concepts from visual images

Chapter 5 (section 5)

VOCABULARY

·  Diocletian- emperor who divided the Roman Empire into two parts. He controlled the wealthier eastern part. He also fixed the prices to slow inflation

·  Inflation- the rapid rise of prices

·  Maximan- the co-emperor that Diocletian appointed to rule the western provinces of the Roman Empire

·  Constantine- emperor who continued Diocletian’s reform. As emperor, he granted toleration to Christians and he established a new capital, Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople

·  Huns- nomadic people who migrated from central Asia toward eastern Europe, and were skilled riders who fought fierce battles to dislodge the Germanic peoples

·  Mercenaries- foreign soldiers serving for pay

Chapter 7

Chapter 7 (The Rise of Europe) Section 1 (The Early Middle Ages)

VOCABULARY

·  Clovis- king of the Franks who conquered the former Roman province of Gaul (France), converted to Christianity (the religion of his subjects in Gaul), gained their support and the support of the pope

·  Medieval- the culture of the Middle Ages from roughly 500 to 1500

·  Franks- Germanic tribe that conquered parts of the Roman empire and was under the rule of Clovis, followed Christianity

·  Charles Martel- rallied Frankish warriors to stop the Muslim army that had crossed into France for the Battle of Tours

·  Battle of Tours- The battle in which the Christians triumphed over the Muslims and stopped the Muslims advancement, Christians believed God was on their side

·  Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- grandson of Charles Martel who became king of the Franks, he briefly united Western Europe when he built an empire reaching across what is now France, Germany, and part of Italy. Spent much of his reign fighting Muslims in Spain

Chapter 7 Section 2 (Feudalism and the Manor Economy)

VOCABULARY

·  Feudalism- a loosely organized (ad hoc) system of rule in which powerful local lords divided their landholdings among lesser lords

·  Vassals- lesser lords who pledged service and loyalty to the greater lord

·  Feudal contract- an exchange of pledges between lords and vassals based on the exchange of land for loyalty and military service

·  Fief- an estate that the lord granted his vassal that ranged from a few acres to hundreds of square miles

·  Knight- a mounted warrior who battled constantly for power and began training at boyhood. Used swords, axes, and lances. They fought in tournaments

·  Tournaments- mock battles that knights fought in

·  Chivalry- a code of conduct that required knights to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. In warfare they were supposed to fight fairly

·  Troubadours- wandering musicians who sang about the brave deeds of knights and their devotion to their lady loves. Their songs were basics for epic stories and poems.

·  Manor- the lord’s estate which was the heart of the feudal economy

·  Serfs- peasants that were bound to the manor’s land

Chapter 7 Section 3 (The Medieval Church)

VOCABULARY

·  Sacraments- the sacred rites of the Church that Christians believed would bring them to salvation, or everlasting life with God

·  Benedictine Rule- rules to regulate monastic life that were created by a monk named Benedict and were used by monasteries and convents across Europe

·  Secular- worldly

·  Papal supremacy- authority over all worldly rulers, including kings and emperors that the medieval popes claimed

·  Canon law- The Church’s body of laws that was based on religious teachings and morals.

·  Excommunication- a severe penalty by the church where the person could not receive the sacraments or a Christian burial, which condemned them to hell for eternity.

·  Interdict- an order excluding an entire town, region, or kingdom from receiving the sacraments and Christian burial. Interdict was given when a powerful noble opposed the Church

·  Friars- monks who did not live in isolated monasteries and took a different approach to reform

·  St. Francis of Assisi- a wealthy Italian who devoted himself to preaching the Gospels and teaching by his own examples of good works

Chapter 7 Section 4 (Economic Recovery Sparks Change)

VOCABULARY

·  Charter- in the Middle Ages, a written document to set out rights and privileges of a town

·  Capital- money or wealth used to invest in business enterprise

·  Partnerships- groups of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for any individual trader

·  Tenant Farmers- someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord’s land

·  Middle Class- a group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans whose rank was between nobles and peasants

·  Guilds- in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect economic interests

·  Apprentice- a seven or eight year old who became a trainee to a guild master

·  Journeyman- a salaried worker employed by a guild master

Chapter 8

Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages

Terms to know:

·  William the Conqueror ----- King of England in 1066 blended Norman and Anglo- Saxon customs, languages, and tradition

·  Common law ----- a legal system bases on court and custom rulings, applied to all English citizens

·  Jury ----- group of men sworn to speak the truth. Determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the ancestors of today’s Grand Jury

·  King John ----- clever, cruel, and untrustworthy ruler of England.

·  Magna Carta ----- great charter which contained two very important ideas that would shape the English government. It asserted that the nobles has certain rights that over time was extended to all citizens and also made it clear that the monarch must obey the law as well

·  Due process of law ----- a clause protecting freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actions

·  Habeas corpus ----- principle that no person can be held in prison without first being charged of a specific crime

·  Parliament ----- English legislature which acquired a larger role in government, helped unify England

·  Louis IX ----- 1226, King of France. He was a very religion man who persecuted heretics and Jews. Expanded the royal courts, outlawed private wars, and ended serfdom

·  Holy Roman Empire ----- empire of west central Europe from 962-1806, consisting of present day Germany and neighboring lands

·  Henry IV ----- crowned king of German in 1054 who later became the Holy Roman Emperor. Dispute between the pope because he argued that the bishops should hold their lands as royal fiefs leading to his excommunication

·  Gregory VII ----- pope in 1064, instituted many church reforms, wanted to make the church independent of secular rulers. Banned the practice of lay investiture

·  Lay investiture ------the emperor or another lay person “invested” bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office

·  Frederick Barbarossa (Red Beard) ----- joined forces with the pope in the Lombard League, managed to defeat his armies. Married his son to the heiress of Sicily, leading to more involvement in Italian affairs

·  Pope Innocent III ----- 1198, claimed supremacy over all rulers. Launched crusade with Philip II in 1209 against Albigensians in South France. Strengthened papal power within church by extending Papal States, reforming church courts and changed the way that church officials were chosen

·  Crusades ----- series of wars that began in 1096m Christians battled the Muslims for control over lands in the Middle East (especially Jerusalem)

·  Pope Urban II ----- pope that agreed to help Alexius I (Byzantine emperor) fight the Muslim Turks although their history has been rivalry. He incited bishops and nobles to action

·  Reconquista ----- Christian campaign to drive Muslims from the peninsula, known as “reconquest”

·  Ferdinand and Isabella ----- founders of Spain who combined their forces and made a final push against the Muslims in Granada

·  Inquisition ----- a church court set up to try people accused of heresy. Many Muslims that had been forced to convert to Christianity were tried by the Inquisition

·  Scholitism ----- a method which used reason to support Christian belief

·  Thomas Aquinas ----- famous scholar which says that faith and reason exist in harmony. God rules over an orderly universe. Brought together Christian faith and classical Greek Philosophers

·  Vernacular ----- the everyday languages of ordinary people (French, German, Italian)

·  Dante Alighieri ----- Italian poet who tells about prefatory and hell, and a vision of heaven summarizes Christian ethics showing how peoples action in life determine their fate in the after life

·  Geoffrey Chaucer ----- English writer who wrote the Canterbury Tales

·  Flying buttresses ----- stone supports that stood outside the Church

·  Illumination ----- the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts

·  Black Death ----- disease that spread throughout Europe because in 1347 a fleet brought this disease was bubonic plague spread by flees

·  Epidemic ----- outbreak of rapid-spreading disease. Caused by Mongol armies conquering much on Asia in 1200s

·  Inflation ----- rising of prices which happened with the cost of labor

·  Schism ----- a split that happened in the Church. 2 of 3 popes claimed to be the true “vicar of Christ”

·  Longbow ----- six foot long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor

Who lost and gained power?

The monarchy gained power by centralizing power and expanding royal domain, while the nobles and the church lost power

How did William and Henry II increase royal power?

William increased royal power by granting fiefs to the church and Norman barons, but also kept lands to himself. He also monitored who built castles and where they would be built. He required that every vassal swear allegiance to him and also the Doomsday Book. Henry broadened system by expanding customs into law. He establishes common law where it applied to all of England. He developed the jury system

How was the power of the English kind limited?

It was limited because he agreed not to raise the taxes without consulting with the Great Council of lords and clergy. They used the Great Council for advice because of the Magna Carta

For what purpose did English kings use the Doomsday Book?

To build an efficient system of tax collection

What did Henry II do to broaden the system of royal justice?

He helped establish English common law and the jury system

What was the framework for England’s legislature set up by the Model Parliament?

Representation by nobles, clergy, and commons

What civilizations were flourishing around 1050?

Around 1050 the Indian, Byzantine, and Seljuk civilizations were flourishing

How successful were the Crusade?

In the first Crusade, the Christians were successful in gaining Jerusalem back, but then in 1187 Jerusalem fell to the Muslims again. On the third Crusade the Christians fell again in capturing Jerusalem, but through negotiations Saladin reopened the holy city to the Christian pilgrims. In the end, the Christians were fighting against themselves not the Muslims

What were the effects of the Crusades?

It had a positive effect afterwards because the trade increased and expanded the economy was thriving. The power of the monarchs also increased. Lastly, it brought knowledge of their customs and civilizations

What was the Reconquista?

It was when the Christians had a campaign to

drive the Muslims from the peninsula

Chapter 9

Section 1: The Byzantine Empire

OUTLINE:

I.  Constantinople is the “new Rome”.

i.  Constantinople- sat at the crossroads of land and sea routes; wealth from trade; capital of the Byzantine Empire

b.  Constantinople grew as the vital center of the empire.

c.  It promoted a civilization that was the blending of Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world.

II.  Byzantium flourished under the rule of Justinian.

i.  Justinian- ruled from 527-565; determined to revive ancient Rome by uncovering lands that had been overrun by invaders.

b.  Justinian rebuilds Constantinople.

c.  Justinian reformed the law (Justinian’s Code)

i.  Justinian’s Code- “Body of Civil Law”; included laws passed by Roman assemblies or decreed by Roman emperors and other legal writings or Roman Judges.

d.  Justinian ruled with absolute power.

i.  Autocrat- a sole ruler who has complete authority.

ii. Theodora- Justinian’s wife who aided his control. She was a shrewd politician and served as an advisor/ court ruler.

e.  The Byzantine Empire flourished under a strong central government which exercised strict control over a prosperous economy.

f.  After Justinian, the Empire faced successive attacks by Persians, Slavs, Vikings, Huns, and Turks.

III.  Christianity was influential in the Byzantine Empire.

a.  Differences between the East and the West emerge over Church leadership.

i.  Patriarch- highest church official, appointed by the emperor.

b.  The Church divides into two branches of Christianity.

i.  Icons- Holy images

ii. Great Schism- a split between western and eastern Christianity (Roman Catholic-West and East- Greek Orthodox)

IV.  The Byzantine Empire suffers crisis and collapse towards the end of its decline.

a.  The crusades resulted in attacks on Constantinople.

b.  In 1453 the Ottoman Turks attacked the city of Constantinople and took it over.

V.  The Byzantine heritage made contributions to are and learning.

c.  Byzantines made contributions to religious art and architecture that influenced Western styles from the middle Ages to the present.

d.  Byzantine scholars preserved the classic works of ancient Greece and Rome and also produce their own great books on their history.