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Semester I Final – AP HUGS – Study Guide Chapters 1-8 Name______

Chapter 1: Thinking Geographically – Rubenstein Text

  1. 3 kind of regions p. 17: formal, functional, vernacular
  2. Environmental determinism vs. possibilism p. 24
  3. Types of climates of the world – where arranged p. 24-25
  4. Diffusion p. 36 5 kinds: relocation, expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
  5. Types of maps: choropleth, dot distribution, symbol, isoline – STUDY map packet from Mrs. Tweed
  6. All maps have one or two of these elements: symbolization, simplification, induction,classification – Look at map packet from Mrs. Tweed
  7. Look at a dot distribution or choropleth map and be able to explain density, concentration,and pattern
  8. Hearth, situation, toponym distance decay, space-time compression - vocabulary p. 33-36
  9. Vocabulary words found p. 41-42

CRQ: Map: identify density, concentration, pattern, type of maps

Chapter 2: Population – Rubenstein Text

  1. Demography – study of population characteristics
  2. World’s Population Distributed: 1. East Asia – China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan - largest 2. South Asia: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka - 2nd largest 3. Europe – 3rd largest, 4. Southeast Asia = Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia – 4th largest
  3. Ecumene definition p. 49 – Where population will not live p. 50
  4. Population Density: p. 50-51. A. arithmetic density 2. Physiological density d.agricultural density
  5. Natural Increase: 1. Crude birth rate CBR 2. Crude death rate CDR 3. Natural increase rate NIR 4. Doubling time
  6. Fertility p. 54 1. Total fertility rate TFR 2. Age-specific birth rates 3. Replacement fertility rate is 2.0 = When the fertility rate is about 2.0, the average woman and spouse/partner are having just enough children to replace themselves.
  7. Mortality p. 54-55 1. Infant mortality rate IMB 2. Life expectancy
  8. Demographic Transition Model – Must read carefully for January final + AP May Test p. 55-58
  1. Stage 1: low growth, agricultural revolution , no one in stage 1 as of 2011
  2. Stage 2: High growth due industrial Revolution and medical revolution – African countries – some poor South American + Central American
  3. State 3: moderate growth: country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 when the CBR begins to drop sharply – economic changes as societies also induce people to have fewer offspring - Chile
  4. Stage 4: zero population group – USA/ Denmark. A country that has passed through all 4 stages of the demographic transition has in some ways completed a cycle – from little or no natural increase in stage 1, to little or no natural increase in stage 4.
  1. Population Pyramids: 1. Age distribution 2. dependency ratio 3. Sex ratio . Study the population pyramids 61-64. I will give you 5 population models with 5 country names. You will label which pyramid belongs to which country.
  2. Thomas Malthus’s Theory – p. 66-67. Must know for Semester Final + May AP Test. He was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies. He argued that the population growth would press against available resources in every country unless “moral restraint” produced lower CBR’s or unless disease, famine, war or, other disasters produced higher CDRs.
  3. Neo-Malthusians p. 67 - READ
  4. Malthus’s Theory and Reality: Conditions during the past half-century have not supported his theory. Even though the human population has grown at its most rapid rate ever, world food production has consistently grown at a faster rat than the NIR since 1950. Malthus was fairly close to the mark on food production but much too pessimistic on the population growth.
  5. Reasons for Declining birth Rates – Look and re-read p. 68-69
  6. Epidemiologic Transition Model: World Health Threats p. 71-72. 1. Epidemiologic transition focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Stage 1 and 2: Black Plague, pestilence, famine, pandemic: disease that occurs over a wide geographic area, cholera,

Stage 3 and 4: heart disease, cancer, AIDS, tuberculosis due to poverty

  1. Vocabulary words/key terms p. 75-76

CRQ: Malthus’s Theory – Population Pyramids – Demographic Transition Model: Stages 1-4, Epidemiologic Transition Model

Chapter 3: Migration – Rubenstein Text

  1. Why do people migrate? P. 81 PUSH vs. PULL factors. Economic, environmental – Lee’s Migration Theory - MUST KNOW
  2. Intervening obstacle: physical environment p. 83
  3. Core-Periphery Model – handout from Mrs. Tweed + distance decay + chain migration
  4. Types of Migrations – KNOW: 1. International 2. Interregional 3. Intraregional
  5. Voluntary migration versus forced migration p. 84
  6. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition - - consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition. The migration transition is a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
  1. Stage 1 – high CBR and CDR and low NIR – migrate in search of food rather than permanent migration to a new location.
  2. Stage 2: - high NIR because of rapidly declining CDR – international migration becomes esp. important as does interregional migration from one country’s rural area to its cities. Migration in stage 2 societies are a consequence of technological changes. Improvement in agricultural practices reduces the # of people needed in rural areas and jobs in factories attract migrants to the cities in another region of the same country or in another country.
  3. Stage 3 and 4: moderating NIR because of rapidly declining CBR – principal destinations of the international migrants leaving the stage 2 countries in search of economic opportunities. The principal form of internal migration within countries in stages 3 and 4 is intraregional, from cities to surrounding suburbs.
  1. Gender of migrants, family status of migrants p. 85
  2. Global Migration patterns: Latin A, Asia, and Africa have net-out migration. North A, Europe, and Oceania have net-in migration.
  3. 3 largest flows: To Europe from Asia. 2. To North America from Asia d. from Latin America to North America.
  4. USA has more foreign-born residents than any other country.
  5. U.S. Immigration Patterns: 3 areas of migration 1. First era was the initial settlement of colonies. 2. The second era began in the mid-nineteenth century and culminated in the early twentieth century. 3. The third era began in the 197s and continues.
  6. CRQ for Semester Final to be ready for: p. 87 - 88 From the 1840s to the early 1900s, the USA ¾ of all of their immigrants. Tell me the reasons why they came. Tell me the countries they came from.
  7. Impact of Immigration on the USA p. 88
  8. Obstacles of migrants; arduous trip, expense, cramped and unsanitary, cultural, gaining permission to enter country, hostile attitude of citizens once they have entered the new country
  9. Quotas p. 92
  10. Brain drain p. 92
  11. Guest workers p. 93: - Between 1999 and 2008, the foreign-born population rose in Spain from around 3/4 million to 5 million
  12. Attitude toward guest workers p. 95
  13. Why people migrate within a country – KNOW for May AP Test + Final
  1. USA’s history p. 95-96
  1. Colonial settlement
  2. Early settlement in the interior
  3. Migration to California
  4. Settlement of Great Plains
  5. Recent growth of the South
  1. Migration within One Region p. 99
  1. Migration from rural to urban areas began in 1800s as part if the Industrial Revolution in England and USA
  2. In recent years, urbanization has diffused to LDCs, esp. In Asia. Asians live in urban areas and has increased to 1 ¾ billion
  3. On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe and from Asia and Latin America to USA.
  4. Most important intraregional migration trends are from rural to urban areas with LDC and from cities to suburbs within MDCs.
  5. Migration from Urban to rural areas: net migration from urban to rural areas is called counterurbanization p. 99
  6. Remittances- money sent by immigrants from host country to home country.
  7. Vocabulary p.102

CRQ: USA Migration – 5 steps, USA 1840s-1914 Immigration to USA why, Zelinksy’s Migration Transition Model: stages 1-4, Global Migration Models 8 migrations of the world, Core Periphery Model with emphasis on chain migration and distance decay, PUSH and PULL factors of Lee’s Migration Theory

Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture p. 104 Rubenstein

  1. Difference between folk and popular culture p. 106

Folk: traditionally practiced primarily by small homogeneous groups living in isolated rural areas and may include a custom such as wear a sarong in Malaysia or a sari in India. It is more likely to vary from place to place at a given time. Folk culture derived from local natural elements may be more sensitive to the protection and enhancement of the environment. Folk customs have anonymous hearth, unknown dates, unknown originators. Relocation diffusion. Folk culture diffuses through migration. Folk culture clustered.

Popular:Hierarchical diffusion. It is found in large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits such as wearing jeans despite the differences in other personal characteristics. Dominance of popular culture can also threaten the quality of the environment. Popular culture is less likely to reflect the diversity of local physical conditions and is more likely to modify the environment in accordance with global values. Popular culture is often a product of MDCs. Global popular culture is becoming more dominant, threatening the survival of unique folk cultures. Widely distributed, Popular culture varies more in time than in place. It may originate in one location but it diffuses rapidly across Earth to locations with a variety of physical conditions.

  1. Why does globalization of popular culture cause problem? P. 125
  2. 3 MDCs control foreign media: US, UK and Japan
  3. Look at the maps in this chapter: diffusion of golf courses, newspapers, jeans, Facebook, etc.
  4. US folk housing p. 116-117
  5. Hierarchical diffusion of sports p. 110
  6. Origin of Folk music versus Popular music p. 108-109
  7. Difference between custom and habit p. 131
  8. Key vocabulary p. 131

CRQ: Map of sports or wine production or jeans, etc: Describe whether it’s hierarchical, relocation, etc. diffusion. Difference between Folk and Popular Cultures, What elements threaten Folk?

Chapter 5 Language Rubenstein Textbook p. 134

  1. Where are English language speakers distributed? Origin and diffusion of English, Dialects of English
  1. First language of 328 million people
  2. ½ to one billion people in world
  3. Dominant language of 57 countries
  4. Distribution of English is due to the people of England migrated with their language when they established colonies during the past 4 centuries
  5. Germanic tribes: Angles, Jutes, and Saxons
  6. dialect; regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation
  7. isogloss: The distribution of dialects is documented through the study of particular words. Every word that is not used nationally has some geographic extend within the country and therefore has boundaries. Such a word-usage bound is known as an ISOGLOSS.
  8. Standard language: In a language with multiple dialects, one dialect may be recognized as the standard language, which is a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication.
  9. British Received Pronunciation p. 139
  10. Differences between British and American English p. 140-141
  1. Indo-European Family: is a collection of language related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history. Indo-European is the world’s most extensively spoken language family by a wide margin.
  2. 8 Branches p. 143-145Branch: is a collection of language related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.
  1. Indo-Iranian –
  1. Indic Eastern: South Asia – India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
  2. Iranian Western: Persian/Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, - languages written in Arabic
  1. Romance: Latin, French, Spanish – SW Europe and Latin America
  2. Germanic – English, Dutch, Norwegian, German, – NW Europe and NA
  3. Balto-Slavic – Eastern E – Polish, Czech, Slovak
  4. Albanian
  5. Armenian
  6. Greek
  7. Celtic
  1. Diffusion of Indo-European: Nomadic Warrior Thesis with Kurgan people explained by Marija Gimbutas versus Sedentary Farmer Thesis by Colin Renfrew from Anatolian hearth p. 150
  2. Sino-Tibetan Family: p. 151. No single Chinese language: Most important is Mandarin. Ideograms p. 152 1/5 world speaks Sino-Tibetean
  3. Austronesian Family: p. 153 –Indonesia 6% of world speak
  4. Austro-Asiatic – 2% of the world. Vietnamese
  5. Tai Kadai – spoken in Thailand
  6. Japanese - ideograms
  7. Korean - hankul – each letter represents a sound.
  8. Afro-Asiatic; 24 countries of Middle East - Arabic – Hebrew
  9. Altaic: steppes between Tibet and China – Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
  10. Uralic: Estonia, Finland, Hungary – Ural Mountains
  11. African Language Families: Niger-Congo – 95%, Nilo-Saharan, Khosian
  12. Preserving Endangered languages: Celtic, p. 157-158
  13. Multilingual States: p. 159-60. Belgium; Waloon, French, Flemish
  14. Isolated languages p. 161 – Basque, Icelandic

***** Cherokee and Quechua and Sioux, etc. = Amerindian

  1. Lingua franca: international communication, such as English, is known as lingua franca. Helps with trade.
  2. Creolized p. 149 language – on Semester I Final
  3. Expansion Diffusion of English p. 163
  4. Vocabulary p. 166-167

CRQ: Gimbuta’s Thesis Nomadic Warrior vs. Renfrew Sedentary Farmer Thesis, Diffusion of English, Locate ROMANCE languages on a map of Europe (Latin is origin), Map of Belgium: 3 languages there, How to Preserve Endangered Languages, Map of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Netherland and UK: identify Germanic branch of Indo-European languages

Chapter 6 Religion – Rubenstein Textbook p. 168

  1. Difference between a: branch, denomination, and sect p. 171
  2. Universalizing Religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism: attempts to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location.
  3. Christianity p. 171 – MAP TEST look p. 172 – Christians in USA – 2 billion - largest
  1. Branches: Roman Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox – most widespread distribution
  2. Bible – 10 Commandments – founder Jesus
  3. Churches
  4. Hearth: Israel/Palestine
  5. Diffusion: missionaries – relocation and expansion, hierarchical, contagious
  1. Islam p. 173 – 2nd largest universalizing religion
  1. 1.3 billion
  2. ½ live in: 4 countries: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India
  3. 5 pillars of Faith
  4. Koran – Holy book– mosques – places of worship
  5. 2 braches: Sunni, Shiite/Shia
  6. Hearth: Saudi Arabia/Mecca, birthplace of Muhammad
  7. Diffusion by missionaries, followers of Muhammad, Arab traders
  8. Holy places: Kabah in Mecca. Hajj journey to Mecca, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem where Muhammad ascended to heaven
  1. Buddhism p. 175-176
  1. 4 million adherents – 1/3 of the world’s major universalizing religion
  2. 4 Noble Truths – 3 branches of Buddhism
  3. Founder: Siddhartha Gautama – emerged as the enlightened one Buddha
  4. Siddhartha born in Nepal
  5. Hearth: northeastern India
  6. Diffusion by emperors and followers of Buddha
  7. Buddhist shrines
  1. Other Universalizing religions: Sikhism, Baha’i
  2. ETHINIC Religions: largest followers is HINDUISM with 900 million p. 176-177
  1. 97% of Hindus in India
  2. Holy sites: water – Ganges river, coast lines
  3. No central authority or a single holy book – temples
  4. Several gods: Vishnu, Krishna, Siva
  5. Diffused mainly through India
  1. Cosmogony:Ethnic religions differ from universalizing religions in their understanding of relationships between human beings and nature. Those differences derive from distinctive concept of cosmogony – which is a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe. P. 188
  2. Important Map on pg. 189 concerning Hierarchy of Hindu holy places. CRQ from AP Test.
  3. Methods of Disposing The Dead – universalizing and ethnic religions p. 192-193
  4. Islamic, Baha’I, and Jewish Calendars – differences p. 190-191
  5. Hierarchical Religions – has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units – Mormons and Catholics good examples p. 194. See map on p. 194 of Roman Catholic hierarchy – CRQ test once.
  6. Local Autonomy Religions – Islam, Protestant, Judaism, Hinduism p. 195
  7. Religious Place Names MAP – once on a CRQ p. 194 – French Quebec has Roman Catholic saints as names for their cities.
  8. Religion versus Social Change – Taliban of Muslims versus Western values p. 196
  9. Hinduism versus Social Equality – Rigid caste system of India
  10. Religion versus Communism – Orthodox Christianity and Islam versus USSR. Buddhism against Communism in Vietnam and Cambodia and Laos p. 196-197
  11. Religious Wars in Ireland - p. 197 – Look at Map – possible CRQ
  12. Jerusalem: Division between Christians, Muslims, Jews. Note map on p. 198 – Possible CRQ
  13. Future of Buddhism in Tibet – Dalai Lama p. 203
  14. Wall between Palestine and Israel p. 202 – NOTE!
  15. Vocabulary – p. 204

CRQs: Maps of Hinduism, Map of Israel vs. Palestine, Map of Roman Catholic Hierarchy in USA, Map of Republic of Ireland vs. Northern Ireland – part of UK, Differences between Universalizing and Ethnic Religions

Chapter 7 – Ethnicity – Textbook Rubenstein p.206

  1. Ethnicity Matters to Geographers: 1. affects average income 2. affects life expectancy 3. affects infant mortality
  2. Ethnicity: a group with which people share a cultural background
  3. Major ethnicities of Americans: a. Africa b. Hispanic c. Asian d. Tracing back to Europe
  4. Know all Maps of Ethnicities in USA p. 209. On Semester Final and AP MAY TEST
  5. Triangular slave trade: p. 212
  6. Immigration of Blacks after Civil War: p. 212-213. Note map. On p. 213. Used on a CRQ in past tests.
  7. Ghetto for Blacks in US cities p. 213
  8. Differentiating ETHNICITY and RACE p. 213
  1. 3 ethnic groups in USA: Asian, African, and Hispanic Americans
  2. Blacks trace their hearths back to Latin America, Asia, Africa, Pacific Islands
  3. RACE: transmitted genetically from parents to children - common ancestor
  4. Separate abut Equal – Plessy vs. Ferguson – Jim Crow laws = separate whites/blacks
  5. Brown vs. Board of Education – against the law/unconstitutional to have separate schools for blacks and whites - 1954
  6. White flight p. 215 – blockbusting
  7. Division by Race in SOUTH AFRICA – apartheid – whites and blacks separated into different geographic areas – apartheid destroyed in early 1990s – First black president was Nelson Mandela of South Africa
  1. Nation vs. Nation-State vs. Multiethnic State vs. Multinational – See Mrs. Tweed’s handout – study
  1. Nation: group of people with common political ideas: Arab nations of Northern Africa, Cherokee Nation, Sioux Nation, Palestinians in West Bank, Gaza Strip, East Jerusalem all in Israel.
  2. Nation-state: Denmark, Japan – where one large ethnicity in the world lives in that one country – most Danish speaking people or Japanese speaking people
  3. Multiethnic–state that contains more than one ethnicity. No one ethnicity is trying to establish self-determination. Example: USA
  4. Multinational-state – contains two or more groups with traditions of self-determination. Examples: Russia (largest with 39), and Canada (Quebec French and rest of Canada English speaking), United Kingdom – Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland
  5. Stateless: Kurds – no huge settlement in one country to claim self-determination and statehood. Found all over Middle East – pockets of Kurds.
  1. Principles of Nationalism p. 219 – CENTRIPETAL versus CENTRIFUGAL forces. VERY important for Semester I Final + AP TEST in May
  2. Ethnic Cleansing: Turkey government killing Armenians to gain their land. Yugoslavia broke apart after the death of Dictator Tito. Serbs and Croats were intent on driving all Muslims out of Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia – led to genocide. Serbs and Croats forcibly moved and killed those who would not move out of Kosovo – Albanians were forced out of Kosovo to Albania, a neighboring country. Ethiopia versus Eritrea. Arab government of Sudan killing black tribes of Darfur in genocide. Tutsis and Hutus slaughtering each other in Rwanda, Africa. Somalia divided into several ethnic groups as clans fighting in 1991. Somalia Islamist militia took over Somalia 2004-2006.
  3. Balkanization: - process by which a state break down through conflicts among its ethnicities. P. 232
  4. Balkanized: p. 232 – Term used a century ago to describe a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with long-standing antagonisms.
  5. Peaceful coexistence of ethnicities in Lebanon p. 226 – note MAP. Christians, Sunnis, Shiites, and Druze work together in the government.
  6. Dividing the Kurds – stateless p. 227
  7. Pakistan versus India: Hindus against Muslims p. 228 – fighting over Jammu and Kashmir
  8. Sri Lanka: Dominant Sinhalese ethnicity over Tamil, a smaller ethnicity
  9. Vocabulary p. 236

CRQ: Map of Canada as multinational, Map of Yugoslavia divided up into present day countries with ethnic cleaning history, Island of Sri Lanka, Map of Lebanon showing various ethnicities, apartheid vs. Jim Crow laws in USA and South Africa, Map of Jerusalem, Definition between nation, nation-state, multiethnic state, multi-national state, and stateless - Understanding Nationalism principles.