Semester Exam Study Guide – Biology Honors/Pre-IB

  1. Nature of Science – Ch 1
  1. Write the definitions for these terms:
  1. Hypothesis - ______
  2. Independent Variable - ______
  3. Dependent Variable - ______
  4. Constant - ______
  1. Tom and Jerry were testing to see if soil pH had an effect on plant growth. Tom took 3 different plants of the same species and placed them in 3 different sized pots. Jerry added the different soils to each pot. Each plant got the same amount of sunlight, water, and temperature. They took measurements every day for 4 weeks and measured recorded the plant growth in a chart.

Soil pH / Plant Growth (cm)
3.5 / 150
4.5 / 100
5.5 / 50
  1. Were there any flaws in this experiment? If so, explain. ______

______

  1. Write a possible hypothesis for this experiment. ______
  2. What does Tom and Jerry need to do in order to make this a controlled experiment? ______

______

  1. List each of the different components for this experiment:

Independent variable - ______

Dependent variable - ______

Constants - ______

  1. a. What is the biosphere? ______
  1. Circle the portion of the earth that is the biosphere.
  2. Define biodiversity: ______

______

  1. Where on Earth is the most biodiversity? ______
  2. What is a species? ______

______

  1. All living organisms share these characteristics:
  1. All living things are made up of ______, which are the building blocks of life.
  2. All living things need ______so that they can metabolize, or carry out chemical functions.
  3. All living things ______to their environment, due to a stimuli.
  4. All living things ______to pass on their genetic material.
  1. What is homeostasis? ______

Give an example of homeostasis: ______

  1. True or False: Theories that have been widely supported by many tested hypotheses over several decades of time become laws.
  1. What is the difference between a theory and a law?

Theory / Law
  1. a. Label the parts of the microscope:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

b. What kind of microscope is this? ______

  1. What is difference between a scanning and a transmission electron microscope?

______

  1. Write the steps of the scientific method in the correct order:

1

  1. State a hypothesis
  2. Analyze data
  3. Make observations
  4. Do research
  5. Plan and conduct experiment
  6. Ask a question
  7. Draw conclusion

1.______

2.______

3.______

4.______

5.______

6.______

7.______

1

  1. Put the data below into a bar graph from greatest to least amount of sightings.

Number of Sightings / Type of Birds
23 / Crows
15 / Blue Jays
37 / Chickadees
4 / Bluebirds
20 / Cardinals
  1. Macromolecules/Biochemistry – Ch 2
  1. Define these terms:
  1. Atom - ______
  2. Element - ______
  3. Compound - ______
  4. Molecule - ______
  5. Ion - ______
  1. a. Label the protons, neutrons, and electrons in the carbon atom below.

b. How many covalent bonds can carbon form with other atoms?______

c. Carbon-based molecules have 3 fundamental structures:

______

______

______

  1. Identify the correct type of bond:

______- sharing of electrons between atoms

______- slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to a slightly negative atom

______- oppositely charged ions are attracted to one another

  1. Water is a ______molecule because the ______atom has a slight negative charge and the ______atom has a slight positive charge.
  2. Water ______when it freezes. Fish can survive a cold winter because the ice acts as a(n) ______that allows the water underneath to remain liquid. Ice is ______dense than water.
  3. What type of bond is formed between water molecules? ______
  1. Although hydrogen bonds are 20 times weaker than covalent bonds, they give water some very special properties. Identify the properties of water due to hydrogen bonding:

______- allows insects to float on water due to surface tension

______- makes the water inside the cells of your body resistant to changes in temperature

______- allows water to travel up from the roots to the leaves in plants

  1. a. The ______is the substance that dissolves.

b. The ______is the substance that is present in the greatest amount and is the substance that dissolves the solutes.

c. Label the solvent, solute, and solution.

  1. An ______releases H+ ions in water so therefore substances like stomach acid has a ______H+ concentration and a ______pH.
  2. A ______removes H+ ions when dissolved in water, therefore has a ______H+ concentration and a ______pH.
  3. Water has a ______pH.
  4. A small molecule called a______is a subunit that can be bonded together to form a large molecule called a ______.
  1. Fill in the blank boxes in the chart below:

The Four Biological Macromolecules / Monomer / Polymer
Carbohydrates / Polysaccharides
Amino Acids
Nucleic Acids
Fatty Acids / Lipids (triglycerides)
  1. Identify this structure. Identify this structure. Identify this structure. Identify this structure.

______

  1. For each of the four major biological macromolecules, list examples and the primary function for each in the chart below.

Biomacromolecules / Proteins / Nucleic Acids / Lipids / Carbohydrates
Examples
Primary Function(s)
  1. Define these terms:

Catalyst - ______

Enzyme - ______

  1. Most enzymes are ______which carry out functions and form important structures in the body.
  2. Things like ______and ______can change the shape and function, or activity, of an enzyme.
  3. Why is a very high fever so dangerous to a person? ______

______

  1. Enzyme structure is important because its shape allows only certain ______to bind to the enzyme. The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on are called ______.
  2. In the lock and key model, substrates temporarily bind to substrates at specific places called ______.
  1. Cell Structure and Function – Ch 3, 5
  1. What are the three major principles of the cell theory?
  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  1. Identify the scientists that made these important discoveries that contributed to the cell theory.

______Said that all plants were made up of cells

______Looked at cork cells and thought they looked like tiny rooms

______Stated all living things were made up of cells

______Proposed all cells come from preexisting cells

______Looked at pond water and saw tiny animalcules

  1. The discovery of cells would not be possible without the invention of the ______.
  1. Write in each of these descriptions into the correct box:
  • No nucleus

Prokaryotic cells / Eukaryotic cells
  • Has membrane-bound organelles
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Has a nucleus
  • Single-cellular
  • Mostly multi-cellular
  • Bacteria
  • Plants and Animals
  1. a. Is the cell below prokaryotic or eukaryotic? ______


b. Label the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes, and flagella.

  1. a. Label the organelles of the plant cell.

b. What 3 structures are only found in plant cells?

______

______

______

  1. a. Label the organelles of the animal cell.

b. What 2 structure are only found in animal cells?

______

______

  1. Both plant an animal cells are ______cells.
  1. Identify the function of these important cell organelles:

Organelle Name / Organelle Function
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Cilia
Flagella
  1. Another name for the cell membrane is ______membrane.
  2. Why is the cell membrane referred to as a highly selective barrier? ______

______

  1. The cell membrane is made up of two______layers that are embedded with other molecules, such as ______, ______, and ______.
  2. Scientist call this phospholipid bilayer a ______because the cell membrane is flexible and is made up of many parts.
  3. Identify these important terms related to movement across the cell membrane:
  1. ______- does not require energy to move molecules across the cell membrane.
  2. ______- requires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane.
  3. ______- movement of molecules from a high to low concentration
  4. ______- movement of water across the cell membrane
  1. a. A hypotonic solution has ______solutes than the inside of a cell, causing the cell to ______.

b. A hypertonic solution has ______solutes than the inside of a cell, causing the cell to ______.

c. An isotonic solution has an ______amount of solute as inside the cell so its size stays the______.

  1. For each of the three solutions above, draw an arrow showing which way water is moving into and/or out of the cell.
  1. Fill in the chart below with the correct information:

Type of Transport / Transport protein used? / With or against concentration gradient? / Requires energy from the cell? / Active or passive transport?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport

  1. Label the two processes are depicted below? Do these processes require energy? ______

______

  1. What are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle?

______

______

______

  1. a. In which phase of the cell is DNA replicated? ______

b. Does this occur before or after mitosis/meiosis? ______

  1. Write the major events of each phase of mitosis.

Phases of Mitosis / Picture of phase / Major events
Prophase / / 1.Chromosomes ______
______
2. Nuclear envelope ______
3.Centrioles ______
______
4.Spindle fibers ______
Metaphase / / 1.Chromosomes ______
______
2. Spindle fibers attach to ______
Anaphase / / 1. Sister Chromatids ______
______
Telophase / / 1.Nuclear membrane ______
______
2. Chromosomes ______
______
3.Spindle fibers ______
______
  1. Mitosis results in the formation of ______daughter cells the are genetically ______.
  2. Mitosis occurs in ______, or body cells.
  3. Mutations in genes can sometimes lead to ______, which is uncontrolled cell division.
  4. Cancer can by caused by mutagens, or ______.
  5. List some example of things that can cause cancer. ______
  6. What is asexual reproduction? ______
  1. Plants and Cell Energy – Ch 21, 22.2, 4
  1. Label the structure and write the function for each of the plant parts.
  1. Flower - ______

______

  1. Stem - ______

______

  1. Root - ______

______

  1. Leaf - ______

______

  1. What materials do the xylem and phloem carry?
  1. Xylem - ______

______

  1. Phloem - ______

______

  1. In what structures does photosynthesis occur in the plant? ______
  2. What is transpiration? ______
  3. How do plants move water from the roots to the leaves using transpiration and the special properties of water?

______

______

  1. a. Label all the parts of a flower.

b.Color the female parts pink.

c. Color the male parts green.

  1. Define these terms:
  1. Photosynthesis - ______
  2. Cellular Respiration - ______

  1. Look at the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Identify which equation is photosynthesis and which is cellular respiration and label the reactants and products for each.
  1. Compare the equations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How are the two processes related?

______

______

______

  1. Fill in the chart below for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis / Cellular Respirtation
Organelle for process?
Reactants? What does it need?
Products? What does it make?
Who uses this process?
  1. What does ATP stand for? ______
  2. What is ATP used for? ______
  3. Cellular respiration is an ______process because it uses oxygen to produce ATP.
  4. Fermentation is an ______process because it does not use oxygen to produce ATP.
  5. The two types of fermentation are ______and ______.
  6. What is muscle fatigue? ______
  1. Immune Response- Ch. 31.2-4
  1. An antigen is ______
  2. An antibody is ______
  3. Compare and contrast specific and nonspecific response: ______

______

  1. Compare and contrast B cells and T cells. ______

______

  1. Define Immunization: ______
  2. What is antibiotic resistance: ______
  3. What type of immune response doe the illlustration represent? ______
  4. What do the structures labeled B represent? ______
  5. Would an antibiotic be effective agains this infection? Why or why not.

______

  1. What does the structure labeled C represent? ______
  2. Use the table to compare active and passive immunity:

Active / Passive
  1. A sliver has made it past the body’s first line of defense. Describe the immune system’s response: ______

______

  1. Whis shown in Diagram 1? What will the activated T cells do next? ______
  1. Identify the process shown in Diagram 2. What is the function of the T cell in this process? ______
  1. In the process shown in Diagram 2, what performs most similar to that of the activated T cells in Diagram 1?

______

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