Chapter 2 Note Outline
Section 1 Objectives: Nature of Matter
1) Differentiate between atoms and elements.
2) Analyze how compounds are formed.
3) Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds.
Atoms and Elements
Atoms: ______unit of matter that cannot be broken down by ______means.
Element: pure substance made of only ______of atom.
Compounds: formed through ______bonding.
Compounds are made of ______or more ______kinds of atoms.
Common compounds:
Bonding
Bonds are most ______when an atom’s outer electron level is ______.
- Need ______electrons to be full
If it is not full, it will either ______, ______or ______electrons from another atom.
- Share:
- Example:
- Weakly attract:
- Example:
- Give/Take:
- Example:
Section 2 Objectives: Water and Solutions
4) Analyze the properties of water.
5) Describe how water dissolves substances.
6) Distinguish between acids and bases.
Storage of Energy
Water absorbs and retains ______better than most other substances.
- Allows us to maintain ______body temperature.
Evaporation: When we sweat, the water evaporates and makes us ______.
- This is an example of: ______
Cohesion and Adhesion
Cohesion: ______between substances that are the ______.
- ______: attraction between molecules that prevents the surface from stretching and breaking.
Adhesion: ______between substances that are ______.
- ______action: water moving because of it’s attraction to the surface on which it has contact with.
Water: The Master Dissolver
Water is important to life because of it’s ability to ______many substances which living things need to survive.
Substances dissolved in water: ______solutions
Examples of aqueous solutions in our body:
Blood:
Mucus:
Urine:
Polarity
Water is a ______molecule - ______and ______end like a magnet.
Polarity gives water it’s ability to ______most substances…. almost.
Oil is non-polar and ______with water.
This is also helpful for living things:
Section 3 Objectives:Chemistry of Cells
7) Summarize the characteristics of organic compounds.
8) Compare the structures and function of different types of biomolecules.
9) Describe the components of DNA and RNA.
10) State the main role of ATP in cells.
Organic Compounds
Organic =
Most of the matter in your body that is not water is made of ______compounds.
Four classes of organic compounds:
Carbohydrates
Made of carbon, ______and ______atoms.
Always a ______ratio
Monosaccharides:
Polysaccharides:
Sugars serve as a storehouse for ______until the organism can use it.
Examples:
Lipids: ______molecules, will not dissolve in water.
Fats are lipids that store ______.
Composed of long chains of ______and ______with oxygen.
Can be ______or ______
Proteins: Large molecules formed by linking ______
Function:
1) Enzymes:
2) Structural role:
Body needs protein to break down into amino acids and ______new proteins
Made in the cell by DNA______
Nucleic Acids: Long chains of nucleotides: ______, ______and ______groups.
Two types of nucleic acids:
DNA:
RNA:
DNA and RNA code for ______in our cells.
ATP: or ______is ______for the cell.
Produced when ______molecules are broken down.
Many of our biological functions relay on ATP as an ______source.
Examples:
Food as Fuel
Food is used:
Energy is measured in kilocalories (______)
Carbohydrates: ______calories/1 gram
Proteins: ______calories/ 1 gram
Fats: ______calories/ 1 gram
If calories consumed are not used for energy, they will be stored as ______.
Section 4 Objectives:Energy and Chemical Reactions
11) Evaluate the importance of energy to living things.
12) Relate energy and chemical reactions.
13) Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions.
14) Identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules.
Energy for Life Process
Energy:
Many forms:
Energy is ______from one form to another.
What is the term for all chemical reactions within a living organism?
Chemical reactions are written in equations ______ ______
Energy in Chemical Reactions
Energy is ______and ______when bonds are broken and new ones are formed.
Ice Melting:
Muscles Moving:
Activation Energy: Energy needed to ______a chemical reaction.
Examples:
Activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction can be ______or ______.
Enzymes
Most enzymes are ______
Enzymes are ______: substances that increase the ______of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes also decrease the ______.
Enzymes Specificity
Substrate: ______substances that react with the ______
Active sites: folds in the enzymes that only fit the ______
Like a ______.
Enzyme changes substrates into a new ______.
Factors in Enzyme Activity: There are factors that change the shape of an enzymes and how it functions.
Factors:
-
-
-
- Other substrates that ______the intended substrate.