Science 8 Study Guide
Unit 1 Mix and Flow of Matter
Topic 1 – Matter on the Move
*All Matter is made up of tiny particles
Four states of Matter
Solid: has a definite shape and volume (ex sugar cube, desk)
-particles in a solid are tightly packed together. The particles are locked together so they can not move around freely, they can only vibrate.
Liquid: has a definite volume but no definite shape (ex water)
-particles in a liquid have enough energy to slide past one another while they vibrate together in clusters. (guests at a party)
Gas: no definite shape or volume (ex air)
-enormous amount of empty space between particles, take the shape of the container that they are in.
Plasma: makes up approximately 98% of the universe, very little on earth.
Matter heated to extremely high temperatures.
The Particle model was first proposed by a Greek thinker named Democritus.
Five Points of the Particle model
-All substances are made of matter
-All particles in a pure substance are the same. Different pure substances are made of different particles.
-The Particles are always in motion, vibrating, rotating, and moving from place to place. The speed increases as temperature increases and vice versa
-Particles have spaces between them
-There are attractive forces between particles.
Changes of State
Gas
Sublimationvaporizationcondensation
Melting (also called fusion)
SolidLiquid
Freezing (also called solidification)
Topic 2 Mixing and Dissolving
*Flow Chart on different parts of Matter.
Pure substances have their own set of physical properties, or characteristics, such as colour, odour, hardness, melting points, boiling points
Mixture: a combination of two or more substances
Homogeneous Mixture: mixtures that look as though they have only one set of properties. Every part of the mixture looks the same throughout.
Heterogeneous mixture: mixtures that contain two or more parts that are still visible. Obvious ones are known as mechanical mixtures.
In-Between Mixtures
Suspension: A heterogeneous mixtures in which the particles settle slowly. Ex. salad dressing
Colliod: a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles do not settle.
Emulsion: a mixture in which droplets of fat are prevented from joining together by an emulsifying agent.
The separate parts of a mechanical mixture are called phases
Dissolving: The complete intermingling of the particles of two or more substances.
Solute: The substance that dissolves in the solvent to form a solution. There is usually less solute than solvent in a solution.
Solvent: is the substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution. There is usually more solvent than solute. (water is known as the universal solvent)
Soluble: means able to dissolve in a particular solvent.
Factors that effect dissolving
-agitation-solute size
-temperature-pressure
Solubility- How much can be dissolved?
Solubility: refers to the mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature.
Saturated: no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature
Un saturated: solvent can still hold more at that temperature
Supersaturated: a solution that contains more solute than it should normally dissolve at a certain temperature.
Insoluble: not able to be dissolved.
WHMIS – Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
Topic 3 – Separating Earth’s Mixtures
Separation Methods
Desalinating water: water is separated from a solute via evaporation
Solvent (water) is recovered but solute may not be.
Distillation: boiling water allows it to be separated from a mixture and have each collected in different containers, leaving a distillate (water) and residue.
Filtering: materials are screened out leaving a filtrate and residue.
Processing Petroleum: petroleum is processed using fraction towers which are basically a complex system of distillation where each different pure substance is piped out based on the temperature that it condenses.
*understand how gold is extracted from Gold Ore pg 31
*know how sugar is extracted from sugar beets and sugar cane pg 36