Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical Academy
Examination program in ophthalmology for the students of therapeutic department.
Part I. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the organon of vision.
1. The scheme of the human’s visual analyzer.
2. Vascular system of an eye.
3. Orbit: anatomy, contents, borders with the other anatomic structures. Symptoms of main diseases.
4. Eye-lids: anatomy, vessels, innervations. Symptoms of main diseases and congenital anomalies.
5. Lachrymal production system: anatomy, methods of investigation. Symptoms of main diseases in children and adults.
6. Lachrymal drainage system: anatomy, methods of investigation. Symptoms of main diseases in children and adults.
7. Eye muscles: anatomy, innervations, functions, methods of investigation. Symptoms of main diseases in children and adults.
8. Cornea: anatomy, innervations, trophism, functions and properties. Symptoms of diseases.
9. Aqueus humor: production, circulation, flow-out. Main symptoms of disorders in people of different age.
10. Iris: anatomy, innervations, trophism, functions. Main symptoms of diseases.
11. Ciliary body and choroid: anatomy, innervations, trophism, functions. Symptoms of diseases in children and adults.
12. Retina: anatomy, functions, trophism. Symptoms of diseases in children and adults.
13. Intraocular pressure: normative values, by what is it determined, methods of investigation. Main symptoms of disorders in people of different age.
14. Lens: anatomy, functions. Symptoms of diseases in children and adults.
15. Vitreous body: anatomy, functions. Symptoms of diseases in children and adults.
16. Optic nerve: parts, anatomy, symptoms of diseases.
17. Optic system of an eye: anatomy, methods of investigation of its transparency and differentiation of opacities.
18. Physical and clinical refraction of an eye (definition, different types of clinical refraction, refractogenesis).
19. Subjective and objective methods to determine clinical refraction of an eye.
20. Astigmatism: definition, classification, principals of correction.
21. Principals of ametropia and anisometropia correction in children and adults.
22. Accommodation: physiology. Spasm and habitual overtension of accommodation: causative agents, clinical features, treatment.
23. Accommodation: physiology. Paresis and palsies of accommodation in children and adults: causative agents, clinical features, treatment.
24. Accommodation: physiology, methods of investigation. Presbiopia, principals of correction.
25. Accommodation: main characteristics and methods of its investigation. Main types of functional disorders in adults.
26. Central vision: definition, methods of investigation, normative values in different ages, causes of decrease of central visual functions.
27. Color vision: definition, methods of investigation, congenital anomalies and its classification. Acquired disorders of color vision in adults.
28. Peripheral vision: definition, methods of investigation, normative values in different ages, causes for decrease of peripheral visual functions.
29. Dark adaptation: definition, methods of investigation, main types of disorders in eye diseases.
30. Binocular vision: definition, time of its development in children, methods of investigation, main types and causes of its disorders in children and adults.
Part II. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND DISEASES OF ORGANON OF VISION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS
1. Congenital anomalies of an eye-lids and tactics for its treatment in different ages.
2. Blepharitis: etiology, clinical features, complications, treatment.
3. Bacterial conjunctivitis (gonoblenorrhea, diphtheria, pseudodiphtheria, Coh-Wix) in children and adults: clinical features, differential diagnostics, therapy.
4. Epidemic adeno- and picornavirus conjunctivitis and kerato-conjunctivitis: clinical features, differential diagnostics, therapy.
5. Dacryocystitis of infants: etiology, clinical features, treatment.
6. Chronic dacryocystitis in children and adults: etiology, clinical features, treatment.
7. Phlegmon of lachrymal cyst: etiopathogenesis, clinical features, treatment in children and adults.
8. Phlegmon of an orbit: etiopathogenesis, clinical features, urgent treatment.
9. Concomitant strabismus and heterophoria: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment in different ages.
10. Paralitic strabismus: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
11. Anomalies of corneal size and shape in children: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
12. Acute iridociclites in children and adults: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and urgent treatment.
13. Choroiditis and chorioretinitis in children and adults: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
14. Reumatogenic uveatis: types, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
15. Posterior uveatis: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
16. Viral uveatis: clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
17. Ophthalmological symptoms of essential hypertension.
18. Diabetic retinopathy: pathogeny, clinical features, complications, treatment.
19. Retinitis and chorioretinitis: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
20. Retinal dystrophy: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
21. Ocular symptoms in thyroid pathology: pathogeny, clinical features, complications, treatment.
22. Keratitis: : etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment. Consequences of keratitis.
23. Herpes virus keratitis: classification, clinical features, complications, consequences, diagnostics and treatment.
24. Tubercular and tubercular-allergic eye diseases: clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
25. Acute disorders of retinal blood circulation by vein type: etiology, clinical features, urgent treatment
26. Acute disorders of retinal blood circulation by artery type: etiology, clinical features, urgent treatment
27. Retinal detachment: pathogeny, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
28. Optic nerve neuritis: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
29. Retrobulbar neuritis: etiology, clinical features, urgent treatment.
30. Primary and secondary atrophy of optic nerve: etiology, clinical features, treatment.
31. Congenital cataract: classification, etiology, diagnostics, treatment.
32. Complicated cataract: etiology, clinical features, principals of diagnostics and treatment in children and adults.
33. Senile cataract: etiology, classification, principals of diagnostics and surgical treatment.
34. Aphakia: clinical features and principals of correction in different ages.
35. Congenital glaucoma: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
36. Primary glaucoma: classification, clinical features, treatment.
37. Acute episode of ophthalmohypertension: pathogeny, clinical features, diagnostics and urgent treatment.
38. Tumors of an eye-lids, conjunctiva and eyeball in children and adults: clinical features and treatment.
39. Tumors of an orbit in children and adults: clinical features, diagnostics and treatment
40. Retinoblastoma: etiology, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment
41. Progressive myopia: causative factors, clinical features, treatment, clinical examination. Theories of myopia development.
42. Opto-chiasm arachnoiditis: etiology, pathogeny, clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
43. Modern surgical methods of refraction anomalies correction.
44. Ophthalmological symptoms of brain tumors.
45. Retinal dystrophies and abiotrophies in children and adults: etiology, pathogeny, clinical features, complications, diagnostics, prophylactics and treatment.
Part III. INJURIES OF ORGANON OF VISION
1. General classification of organon of vision injuries. Peculiarity of eye trauma in contemporary conditions.
2. Eye-lid contusion: clinical features, complications, treatment.
3. Eyeball contusions: classification.
4. Contusion changes of anterior segment of an eye: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
5. Contusion changes of a lens and vitreous body: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
6. Contusion changes of a retina: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
7. Contusion changes of an orbit: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
8. Contusion disorders of an eye hydrodynamics.
9. Injuries of a lachrymal drainage system: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
10. Main complications after injuries of a lachrymal drainage system: clinical features, complications, diagnostics and treatment.
11. Eye-lid wounds: types, clinical features, treatment and urgent treatment.
12. Eyeball injuries: classification.
13. Absolute and relative symptoms of the perforating injury of an eyeball.
14. Imperforate injury of an eyeball: clinical features, diagnostics and treatment.
15. Main complications after imperforate injury of an eyeball: prophylactics and treatment.
16. Main complications after perforating injury of an eyeball: prophylactics and treatment
17. Posttraumatic metallosis of an eye tissues.
18. First aid in case of perforate eye injury.
19. Sympathetic ophthalmia: clinical types, symptoms, treatment.
20. Infectious complications in case of imperforate and perforate eye injuries: diagnostics, prophylactics, treatment.
21. Primary and prophylactic enucleation of an eyeball and reasons to make it.
22. Orbit injuries: diagnostics and treatment.
23. Eye injuries by UV-radiation: clinical types, symptoms, treatment, prophylactics.
24. Thermal and chemical burns of an eye: classification.
25. Diagnostics, clinical features and treatment of thermal burns of an eyeball.
26. Diagnostics, clinical features and treatment of chemical burns of an eyeball.
27. First aid in case of chemical burns of an eyeball.
28. Thermal and chemical burns of an eye-lids : diagnostics and treatment.
29. Associated and associated-combined injuries of an eye: peculiarity of diagnostics, clinical features and treatment.
PRACTIAL SKILLS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Estimation of visual acuity for distance in children and adults.
2. Estimation of clinical refraction and its power by subjective method.
3. Measurement of interpupillary distance
4. Estimation of a character of vision.
5. Estimation of peripheral visual fields using control method.
6. Approximate estimation of hemianopsia.
7. Eyeball and its accessories examination in the focal lightning.
8. Examination of optic mediums in transmitted light.
9. Approximate estimation of corneal tactile sensitivity.
10. Approximate estimation of intraocular pressure.
11. Estimation of ciliar body algesthesia.
12. Measurement of strabismus angle by Girshberg and by Lourence.
13. Instillation of drops into conjunctival sac.
14. Instillation of ointment into conjunctival sac.
15. Application of monocular and binocular band (cohesive band).
16. Elimination of superficial foreign bodies from conjunctiva and cornea.
17. Estimation of lachrymal drainage system.
18. Color vision investigation using pseudoisochromatic tables.
19. Exophthalmometria using the scale.