Segment One Exam Study Guide
Review the information below from module one:
1. A proper scientific investigation should include:
- The steps of the scientific method in the proper order (see lesson 1.02)
- Background researchcompleted before formulating a hypothesis
- Multiple trials of the experiment that other scientists can repeat
- Proper methodology
1)Use of a control group (see lesson 1.02)
2)Use the same standards and forms of measurement throughout the experiment
3)Test for ONLY ONE dependent variable/unknown at a time
4)Keep all independent and controlled variables the same throughout the experiment
2. In order for the results of an experiment to be reliable and valid, they must include:
- Multiple trials
- Repeatable results
- Be tested by multiple scientists
- Have controlled variables, independent variables, and only one dependent variable
- Have a control group
- The experiment must be testing something that is testable. An opinion, a philosophical question, or ethical question cannot be tested.
- The results must be unbiased (see lesson 1.02 for further descriptions of bias)
3. Hypotheses can become theories when:
- They are tested, repeated, and reviewed by many scientists
- They are shared and validated by other scientists
4. Theories can always change or be modified by new research.
5. Know the function of each microscope in lesson 1.03. What types of specimens are best viewed under each microscope?
6. Review all the properties of water discussed in lesson 1.04, especially hydrogen bonding, water expansion, and water as a universal solvent.
7. From lesson 1.05:
a)How did the first small organic molecules form in earth’s earliest atmosphere? (There are two main theories discussed. Make sure you know both. Refer to Miller and Urey experiment and meteorite theory)
b)How did the first small organic molecules form complex organic molecules?
c)Why do scientists believe RNA (made of nucleotides) to be the first complex organic molecule?
Review the information below from module two:
1. Know the structural differences between carbohydrates. (glucose, sucrose, and lactose) (Lesson 2.01)
2. Know the functions of proteins, the three forms of lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. (Lesson 2.01)
3. Describe how phospholipids work as protective barriers in cell membranes. (Lesson 2.01)
4. Know how enzymes (a protein) work to catalyze reactions. Know the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Know the structure of an enzyme. Describe how its shape affects its ability to work in reactions. (Lesson 2.01)
5. Know the contributions and development of cell theory by the following scientists: Schleiden, Schwann, Pasteur, and Virchow. (Lesson 2.02, page 1 interactive)
6. Describe modern cell theory. (lesson 2.02)
7. Know the structure of plant and animal cells. (lesson 2.03, page 1)
8. Know the structure and function of organelles found in plant and animal cells, especially chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, and the nucleus. (lesson 2.03, page 1)
9. Know how the ADP molecule becomes charged to create ATP. What reactants are needed to charge the ADP molecule? (Lesson 2.04)
10. What is ATP and what is its function in the cell? (Lesson 2.04)
11. Releasing energy from an ATP molecule is an exothermic reaction. Review the terms exothermic and endothermic. (Lesson 2.04)
12. Know the reactants and products of cellular respiration. (lesson 2.05)
13. Know the three main stages of cellular respiration (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron transport chain). Describe what happens in each stage as the reactants move through cellular respiration. (lesson 2.05)
14. Describe anaerobic fermentation and its alternate route to energy production for the cell. (lesson 2.05)
15. Describe the reactants and products of photosynthesis. (lesson 2.06)
16. Describe the reactants and products of the light dependent and light independent reactions. What happens in each stage? (lesson 2.06)
17. Describe the function and purpose of photosynthesis. (lesson 2.06)
18. How do cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a cycle of reactants and products? (lesson 2.05, 2.06)
Review the information below from module three:
19. What is the purpose of mitosis?
20. Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Include all phases and how each phase is distinctive. Make sure to note the types of daughter cells formed during mitosis. (Lesson 3.01)
21. How is the process of meiosis different then mitosis? What kinds of cells are formed by each process and what are they used for? How do these cells differ from one another? (Lesson 3.02)
22. What happens to the genetic material of a nucleus during meiosis? (lesson 3.02)
23. Describe the process of crossing over in meiosis. (lesson 3.02)
24. What are the pros and cons of asexual and sexual reproduction? Why does one process offer more genetic diversity over another? (lesson 3.02)
25. Know the terms traits, allele, homozygous, heterozygous, hybridization, genotype and phenotype, and dominant and recessive, and co-dominance and incomplete dominance. (lesson 3.03 and 3.04)
26. Know how to complete a Punnett square (monohybrid cross) and how to interpret the results of a monohybrid and dihybrid crosses. (ie..what are the percentages of phenotypes and genotypes) (lesson 3.03 and 3.04)
27. How do x-linked and y-linked diseases pass onto offspring? (lesson 3.03 and 3.04, lesson page 4)
28. How do traits pass onto offspring when alleles for those traits are co-dominant or incomplete? (lesson 3.03 and 3.04)
29. Know the detailed process of DNA replication, especially the role of DNA polymerase and the effects of bonds between DNA strands. (lesson 3.05)
30. Know the detailed process of transcription and translation. Describe the roles of mRNA and tRNA in these processes. (lesson 3.05)
31. How do the codons in a mRNA strand code for the amino acids of a protein? (lesson 3.05)
32. Know the differences between each type of mutation. (additions, deletions, insertions, inversions, substitutions, translocations, duplication) (lesson 3.06)
33. Describe how mutations can create cancer cells. (lesson 3.06)
34. How do cancer cells affect the body? (lesson 3.06)
35. What kinds of mutations can be passed onto offspring and what kinds cannot be passed on? (lesson 3.06, page 3)
35. What is Down Syndrome and how is it passed onto offspring? (see non-disjunction tab on page 4 of lesson 3.06)
36. Describe the pros and cons of genetically engineered foods. (lesson 3.07)
37. What is a genetic disorder? (lesson 3.08)
38. How can poor water quality make people ill? (lesson 3.08)
39. How do infectious diseases spread? (lesson 3.08)
Review the information below from module four:
40. Know how to read a food web. (lesson 4.01)
41. Know how to read a food pyramid. What trophic levels are on each tier of the pyramid and how much energy transfers from one trophic level to the other?(lesson 4.01)
42. Know the consequences of climate change to ocean waters and marine life. (lesson 4.02 and 4.04)
43. Know the effects of each of the five greenhouse gases to the environment. (lesson 4.04)
44. Know the effects of water, land, and air pollution on land and marine ecosystems (lesson 4.02 and 4.04)
45. What is carry capacity? What types of limiting factors can affect an ecosystem’s carrying capacity? (Make sure to write them ALL down…there are MANY listed in lesson 4.03 that you will see in the exam.)
46. Describe the process of primary and secondary succession. In what types of situations does each occur? (lesson 4.03)
47. Describe how predation (a biotic limiting factor) affects population growth and decline. (lesson 4.03)
48. Describe the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles in detail. (lesson 4.05)
49. Describe the term sustainability. How do people and companies use sustainable practices to help the environment? (There are many examples in lesson 4.04. Make sure you are familiar with all of them)
50. Know that the term biodiversity refers to the number of different species in a single area.
51. Know the pros and cons of all the renewable and non-renewable resources listed in the lesson 4.05 interactive, page 3.