REVIEW of Conjugations and Qualities of Verbs

FOURTH CONJUGATION

REVIEW of Conjugations and Qualities of Verbs

Latin groups its verbs into four families called “conjugations.” Verbs within the same conjugation will follow a similar pattern of principal parts and the same paradigms (pattern of endings) in each tense. Now take note of some general features of Latin verbs:
Most regular Latin verbs have 4 principal parts:
1st principal part: the 1st person singular, present active indicative form, e.g. audio
2nd principal part: the present active infinitive, e.g. audīre
3rd principal part: the 1st person singular, perfect active indicative form, e.g. audīvī
4th principal part (can be one of the following, depending on the book):
the perfect passive participle, e.g. audītus, -a, -um
the accusative supine, e.g. audītum
the future active participle, e.g. audītūrus, -a, -um
Latin verbs are one of 3 PERSONS (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and one of 2 NUMBERS (singular, plural)
Latin verbs can be conjugated in 6 TENSES:
Present System: tenses formed from the “present stem”
Present tense, e.g. “I hear,” “I do hear,” and “I am hearing”
Imperfect tense, e.g. “I was hearing,” “I heard,” “I used to hear”
Future tense, e.g. “I will hear”
Perfect System
Perfect tense, e.g. “I have heard,” “I did hear,” and “I heard”
Pluperfect tense, e.g. “I had heard”
Future Perfect tense, e.g. “I will have heard”
Latin verbs can be conjugated in2VOICES:
Active Voice: e.g. “We hear,” “She hears,” “They will hear”
Passive Voice: e.g. “We are heard,” “She was (being) hear,” “They will be heard”
Latin verbs also have 3MOODS:
Indicative: e.g. Youhear me. You do hear me. You are hearing me.
Imperative: e.g. Hearme!
Subjunctive: e.g. Should you hear me? You may hear me. Would that you wereleading me! Let you lead me!

The active voice personal endings of Latin verbs (cf. p. 9 of your textbook) are as follows.

singularplural

1st person-ō or m-mus

2nd person-s-tis

3rd person-t-nt

Now study this PRESENT (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The additional vowel needed for fourth conjugation will be in red. The traditional personal endings will appear in boldfaced blue.

singularplural

1st personaudiōaudīmus

2nd personaudīsaudītis

3rd personauditaudiunt

Conjugating4thConjugation verbs in the PRESENT SYSTEM

To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the present system (present, imperfect, and future tenses), you need to follow a few simple steps.
STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part.
N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of the verb followed by the other principal parts
SAMPLE ENTRY: mun·iō, -īre, -īvī or -iī, -sītus, tr to built, fortify; to strengthen
muniō is the 1st principal part
mun- + -īre= munīre, the 2nd principal part
mun- + -īvī (or -iī) = munīvī(ormuniī), the 3rd principal part
mun- + -ītus = munītus, the 4th principal part
All fourth conjugation verbs will have a -īre for the second principal part.
STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second principal part
TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple math problem.
Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:
(2nd principal part) –– (-re) = present stem of the verb
EXAMPLE:
2ndconjugation: (docēre) –– (-re) = doce-
4thconjugation: (munīre) –– (-re) = munī-
STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s present stem(you will need to and an –ē for before the standard endings for imperfect tense for both third and fourth conjugation)
Now that you have the present stem of the verb, you can change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense you want (of present, imperfect, and future)
The steps, you can see, are consistent with the steps followed in conjugation of verbs in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rdconjugation.

A Closer Look at the 4thConjugation

Now look at this IMPERFECT (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The additional vowel needed for 4thconjugation will be in red. The endings will appear in boldfaced blue.

singularplural

1st personaudiēbamaudiēbāmus

2nd personaudiēbāsaudiēbātis

3rd personaudiēbataudiēbant

Now look at this FUTURE (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood) paradigm of the fourth conjugation verb audīre, to hear. The future endings will appear in boldfaced blue.
N.B. You do NOT use the endings –bō, bis, bit,bimus, bitis, bunt for either the 3rd or 4th conjugations.

singularplural

1st personaudiamaudiēmus

2nd personaudiēsaudiētis

3rd personaudietaudiēnt

ACTIVE VOICE

Indicative Mood / 1st Conjugation / 2nd Conjugation / 3rd Conjugation / 3rd-io Conjugation / 4th Conjugation

PRESENT

/ Pres. stem + ending / Pres. stem + ending / Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings / Pres. stem (+ i) + endings / Pres. stem + ending
1 singular / par-ō / doce-ō / reg-ō / capi-ō / audi-ō
2 / parā-s / docē-s / reg-i-s / capi-s / audī-s
3 / para-t / doce-t / reg-i-t / capi-t / audi-t
1 plural / parā-mus / docē-mus / reg-i-mus / capi-mus / audī-mus
2 / parā-tis / docē-tis / reg-i-tis / capi-tis / audī-tis
3 / para-nt / doce-nt / reg-u-nt / capi-u-nt / audi-u-nt

IMPERFECT

/ Pres. stem + tense sign + ending / Pres. stem + tense sign + ending / Pres. stem (+ ē) + tense sign + endings / Pres. stem (+ iē) + tense sign + endings / Pres. stem (+ ē) + tense sign + endings
1 singular / parā-ba-m / docē-ba-m / reg-ē-ba-m / capi-ē-ba-m / audi-ē-ba-m
2 / parā-bā-s / docē-bā-s / reg-ē-bā-s / capi-ē-bā-s / audi-ē-bā-s
3 / parā-ba-t / docē-ba-t / reg-ē-ba-t / capi-ē-ba-t / audi-ē-ba-t
1 plural / parā-bā-mus / docē-bā-mus / reg-ē-bā-mus / capi-ē-bā-mus / audi-ē-bā-mus
2 / parā-bā-tis / docē-bā-tis / reg-ē-bā-tis / capi-ē-bā-tis / audi-ē-bā-tis
3 / parā-ba-nt / docē-ba-nt / reg-ē-ba-nt / capi-ē-ba-nt / audi-ē-ba-nt

FUTURE

/ Pres. stem + tense sign + ending / Pres. stem + tense sign + ending / Pres. stem + tense sign + ending / Pres. stem +tense sign + ending / Pres. stem +tense sign + ending
1 singular / parā-b-ō / docē-b-ō / reg-a-m / capi-a-m / audi-a-m
2 / parā-bi-s / docē-bi-s / reg-ē-s / capi-ē-s / audi-ē-s
3 / parā-bi-t / docē-bi-t / reg-e-t / capi-e-t / audi-e-t
1 plural / parā-bi-mus / docē-bi-mus / reg-ē-mus / capi-ē-mus / audi-ē-mus
2 / parā-bi-tis / docē-bi-tis / reg-ē-tis / capi-ē-tis / audi-ē-tis
3 / parā-bu-nt / docē-bu-nt / reg-e-nt / capi-e-nt / audi-e-nt

What about the Imperative mood?
Like 1st conjugation verbs, getting the present stem is the same as creating the singular imperative:
STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part.
STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second principal part
EXAMPLES:

1st conjugation: (amāre) –– (-re) = amā
2nd conjugation: (sedēre) –– (-re) = sedē
3rd conjugation: (mittere) –– (-re) = mitte
4th conjugation*: (audīre) –– (-re) = audī

STEP #3: To make the imperative form plural, add –te to the singular form
EXAMPLE: audī+ -te= audīte

Conjugating4thConjugation verbs in the PERFECT SYSTEM

To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the perfect system (perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), you need to follow a few simple steps.
STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 3rdprincipal part.
N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of the verb followed by the other principal parts
If a dictionary includes a dot ( · ), it does that to show you where you can remove the first principal part ending and add the additional information listed to form the second, third, and fourth principal parts
SAMPLE ENTRY: aud·iō, -īre, -īvī, -ītumtr to hear
STEP #2: Remove the –ī from the verb’s 3rdprincipal part
TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple math problem.
Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:
(3rd principal part) –– (-ī) = perfect stem of the verb
EXAMPLE:
1st conjugation: (amāvī) –– (-ī) = amāv-
2nd conjugation: (docuī) –– (-ī) = docu-
3rd conjugation: (rēxī) –– (-ī) = rēx-
4th conjugation: (audīvī) –– (-ī) = audīv-
STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s perfect stem
Now that you have the perfect stem of the verb, you can change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense you want for the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses.
Fourth conjugation follows the same steps and uses the same endings for the perfect system as first, second, and third conjugation. There is no difference between any of the conjugations in how they conjugate these three tenses.

ACTIVE VOICE

Indicative Mood / 1st Conjugation / 2nd Conjugation / 3rd Conjugation / 3rd-io Conjugation / 4th Conjugation

PERFECT

Perf. stem + ending

/ Perf. stem + ending / Perf. stem + ending / Perf. stem + ending / Perf. stem + ending
1 singular / parāv-ī / docu-ī / rēx-ī / cēp-ī / audīv-ī
2 / parāv-istī / docu-istī / rēx-istī / cēp-istī / audīv-istī
3 / parāv-it / docu-it / rēx-it / cēp-it / audīv-it
1 plural / parāv-imus / docu-imus / rēx-imus / cēp- imus / audīv-imus
2 / parāv-istis / docu-istis / rēx-istis / cēp-istis / audīv-istis
3 / parāv-ērunt
(-ēre) / docu-ērunt
(-ēre) / rēx-ērunt
(-ēre) / cēp-ērunt
(-ēre) / audīv-ērunt
(-ēre)

PLUPERFECT

Perf. stem + ending

1 singular / parāv-eram / docu-eram / rēx-eram / cēp-eram / audīv-eram
2 / parāv-erās / docu-erās / rēx-erās / cēp-erās / audīv-erās
3 / parāv-erat / docu-erat / rēx-erat / cēp-erat / audīv-erat
1 plural / parāv-erāmus / docu-erāmus / rēx-erāmus / cēp-erāmus / audīv-erāmus
2 / parāv-erātis / docu-erātis / rēx-erātis / cēp-erātis / audīv-erātis
3 / parāv-erant / docu-erant / rēx-erant / cēp-erant / audīv-erant

FUTURE PERFECT

Perf. stem + ending

1 singular / parāv-erō / docu-erō / rēx-erō / cēp-erō / audīv-erō
2 / parāv-eris / docu-eris / rēx-eris / cēp-eris / audīv-eris
3 / parāv-erit / docu-erit / rēx-erit / cēp-erit / audīv-erit
1 plural / parāv-erimus / docu-erimus / rēx-erimus / cēp-erimus / audīv-erimus
2 / parāv-eritis / docu-eritis / rēx-eritis / cēp-eritis / audīv-eritis
3 / parāv-erint / docu-erint / rēx-erint / cēp-erint / audīv-erint

PERFECT SYSTEM SYNOPSIS: Now study this perfect system (tenses), active (voice), indicative (mood) synopsis of the second conjugation verb docēre, to teach, done in the third person.

singularplural

PERFECTaudīvītaudīvērunt

he(has)heardthey (have)heard

PLUPERFECTaudīverataudīverant

shehad heardthey had heard

FUT. PERFECTaudīveritaudīverint

(s)hewill have heardthey will have heard

What is Voice?

Voice is the relationship of the subject to the action of the verb. Voice defines whether the subject performs the action of the verb or receives the action of the verb.

If the subject performs the action of the verb, the verb is in the active voice.
“The mailman delivers my DVD.”
“The dog bites the mailman in the butt.”
If the action of the verb is received by the subject, the verb is considered passive voice. e.g. “My DVD is delivered by the mailman.”
“My DVD is delivered by the mailman.”
“The mailman is bitten in the butt by the dog.”

How does Passive Voice Sound in English?

In English, the Passive Voice is going to require the verb “to be” in some form with the past participle.

Active VoicePassive Voice

He hits me. I amhit by him.

He is hitting me.I ambeing hit by him.

He will hit me.I will be hit by him.

How does it work in Latin?

In the present system the passive is conjugated like the active, but with a different set of personal endings.
Passive Personal Endings:

SingularPlural

1st-or, r-mur

2nd-ris-minī

3rd-tur-ntur

Rule for Conjugation:
Present Stem (+ tense signifier) + passive personal endings
Note that forming the present stem may differ based on the conjugation of the verb

Examples:

Present: auditurshe is (being) heard

Imperfect: audiēbāturhe was being heard

Future:audiēturit will be heard

See pp. 104, 109, 128, and 169 for further paradigms and examples, including for other conjugations.

PERFECT SYSTEM: PASSIVE VOICE, INDICATIVE MOOD

PASSIVE VOICE

/ 1st Conjugation / 2nd Conjugation / 3rd Conjugation / 3rd-io Conjugation / 4th Conjugation

PRESENT

Pres. stem + endings

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + endings

1 singular / par-or / doce-or / reg-or / capi-or / audi-or
2 / parā-ris (-re) / docē-ris (-re) / reg-e-ris (-re) / cap-eris (-re) / audī-ris (-re)
3 / para-tur / doce-tur / reg-i-tur / capi-tur / audī-tur
1 plural / parā-muur / docē-mur / reg-i-minī / capi-mur / audī-mur
2 / parā-mini / docē-minī / reg-i-minī / capi-minī / audī-minī
3 / para-ntur / doce-ntur / reg-u-ntur / capi-untur / audi-u-ntur

IMPERFECT

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

Pres. stem (+ vowel) + tense sign + endings

1 singular / parā-ba-r / docē-ba-r / reg-ē-ba-r / capi-ē-ba-r / audi-ē-ba-r
2 / parā-bā-ris (-re) / docē-bā-ris (-re) / reg-ē-bā-ris (-re) / capi-ē-bā-ris (-re) / audi-ē-bā-ris (-re)
3 / parā-bā-tur / docē-bā-tur / reg-ē-bā-tur / capi-ē-bā-tur / audi-ē-bā-tur
1 plural / parā-bā-mur / docē-bā-mur / reg-ē-bā-mur / capi-ē-bā-mur / audi-ē-bā-mur
2 / parā-bā-minī / docē-bā-minī / reg-ē-bā-minī / capi-ē-bā-minī / audi-ē-bā-minī
3 / para-ba-ntur / docē-ba-ntur / reg-ē-ba-ntur / capi-ē-ba-ntur / audi-ē-ba-ntur

FUTURE

Pres. stem + tense sign + ending

1 singular / parā-b-or / docē-b-or / reg-a-r / capi-a-r / audī-a-r
2 / parā-bē-ris (-re) / docē-bē-ris (-re) / reg-ē-ris (-re) / capi-ē-ris (-re) / audī-ē-ris (-re)
3 / parā-bi-tur / docē-bi-tur / reg-ē-tur / capi-ē-tur / audī-ē-tur
1 plural / parā-bi-mur / docē-bi-mur / reg-ē-mur / capi-ē-mur / audī-ē-mur
2 / parā-bi-minī / docē-bi-minī / reg-ē-minī / capi-ē-minī / audī-ē-minī
3 / parā-bu-ntur / docē-bu-ntur / reg-e-ntur / capi-e-ntur / audī-e-ntur

How does it work in Latin? (continued)

The perfect system forms in the passive voice are created by combining the perfect passive participle (the fourthprincipal part) with forms of sum(for the perfect), eram(for the pluperfect), and erō(for the future perfect).
Passive Personal Endings: NA, just use

sum, etc. / eram, etc. / erō, etc.

Rule for Conjugation:
4th principal part + a form of esse
Make 4th principal part agree in no. and gender to the subject

Examples:

Perfect:audītus, -a, -um est

(s)he/it was heard

(s)he/it has been heard

Pluperfect:audītus, -a, -um erat

(s)he/it had been heard

Future perfect:audītī, -ae, -a erunt(pl.)

theywill have been heard

All conjugations form the passive voice forms in the perfect system in the same way.

PERFECT SYSTEM: PASSIVE VOICE, INDICATIVE MOOD

PASSIVE VOICE

/ 1st Conjugation / 2nd Conjugation / 3rd Conjugation / 3rd-io Conjugation / 4th Conjugation

PERFECT

/ 4 principal part + present forms of esse / 4 principal part + present forms of esse / 4 principal part + present forms of esse / 4 principal part + present forms of esse / 4 principal part + present forms of esse
1 singular / parātus sum / docta sum / rectum sum / captus sum / audita sum
2 / parātus es / docta es / rectum es / captus es / audita es
3 / parātus est / docta est / rectum est / captus est / audita est
1 plural / parātī sumus / doctae sumus / recta sumus / captī sumus / auditae sumus
2 / parātī estis / doctae estis / recta estis / captī estis / auditae estis
3 / parātī sunt / doctae sunt / recta sunt / captī sunt / auditae sunt

PLUPERFECT

/ 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse / 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse / 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse / 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse / 4 principal part + imperfect forms of esse
1 singular / parātus eram / docta eram / rectum eram / capta eram / auditus eram
2 / parātus erās / docta erās / rectum erās / capta erās / auditus erās
3 / parātus erat / docta erat / rectum erat / capta erat / auditus erat
1 plural / parātī erāmus / doctae erāmus / recta erāmus / captae erāmus / auditī erāmus
2 / parātī erātis / doctae erātis / recta erātis / captae erātis / auditī erātis
3 / parātī erant / doctae erant / recta erant / captae erant / auditī erant
FUTURE PERFECT / 4 principal part + future forms of esse / 4 principal part + future forms of esse / 4 principal part + future forms of esse / 4 principal part + future forms of esse / 4 principal part + future forms of esse
1 singular / parātus erō / docta erō / rectum erō / capta erō / auditus erō
2 / parātus eris / docta eris / rectum eris / capta eris / auditus eris
3 / parātus erit / docta erit / rectum erit / capta erit / auditus erit
1 plural / parātī erimus / doctae erimus / recta erimus / captae essēmus / auditī erimus
2 / parātī eritis / doctae eritis / recta eritis / captae eritis / auditī eritis
3 / parātī erunt / doctae erunt / recta erunt / captae erunt / auditī erunt

PRACTICE

You didn’t even find the exit, did you*? *use interrogative particle that expects “no”

In a brief time, that course will hinder us all.

From where (one adverb for “whence” or “from where”) are all of these armies coming?

Many men (use form of homo) will gather in the senate.

Can (use potes, 2nd person singular present active of possum, posse) you hear me now?

We will be there (use form of adsum, adesseand an adverb for “there”) in a few paces.

At sunset (= “at the setting of the sun,” using form of occasusand sol, solis, m.) we will sleep because the waves from the sea are not large.

The envoys will have reached the harbor in three days.

The soldiers will soon fortify the walls (use moenia, moenium, n. pl.) of the city.

When will the teacher punish (use puniō, -īre) (his) bad students?