Page 1 – Samuel A. Marolo

Page 1 – Dr. Francis X. Antonelli

April 10, 2014

Dr. Francis X. Antonelli

Superintendent of Schools

Hazleton Area School District

1515 W. 23rd Street

Hazleton, PA 18202

Re:OCR compliance review no. #03-10-5002

Dear Dr. Antonelli:

This is to notify you that the U.S. Department of Education (Department), Office for Civil Rights (OCR), has completed the above-referenced compliance review of the Hazleton Area School District (District). OCR initiated this review to determine whether English language learners (ELL students)in the District are denied equal educational opportunities in the District’s programs and services and whether the District adequately notifies national origin minority parents and guardians of school activities that are called to the attention of other parents/guardians.

OCR has authority to conduct this compliance review under the implementing regulation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VI), at 34 C.F.R. Part 100, which prohibits discrimination based on race, color or national origin by recipients of Federal financial assistance from the Department. As a recipient, the District is subject to the provisions of Title VI and its implementing regulation.

In reaching a determination regarding this compliance review, OCR examined student records, District policies and procedures regarding its services for ELL students, teacher certification data, enrollment data, and other documents. OCR also conducted site visits to the District to interview administrators, teachers, and other staff, and met with parents and other members of the District community. Based on an analysis of all the information collected, OCR hasdetermined that the District has failed to comply with the requirements of Title VI with respect to the provision of educational and related services to ELL students. Specifically, OCR found that the District does not comply with the requirements of Title VI in the following areas: identifying students whomay need English language development (ELD) program services;providing adequate staffing of its ELD program;evaluating theELD program to determine its effectiveness; and, communicating with parents and guardians whose proficiency in English is limited. The bases for our determination are set forth below.

I.Legal Standards

OCR is responsible for enforcing Title VI, 42 U.S.C. Section 2000d et seq., and its implementing regulation at 34 C.F.R. Part 100. Title VI prohibits discrimination on the bases of race, color, and national origin by recipients of Federal financial assistance from the Department. The Title VI statute states that “no person shall, on the basis of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or otherwise be subjected to discrimination under any program operated by a recipient.” The Title VI implementing regulation, at 34 C.F.R. Section 100.3(b), prohibits discriminatory acts and prohibits the use of criteria or methods of administration that have discriminatory results.

OCR also relies upon the following policy guidances:

May 1970 Memorandum. The OCR policy memorandum issued on May 25, 1970, entitled,Identification of Discrimination and Denial of Services on the Basis of National Origin (May 1970 Memorandum), 35 Fed. Reg. 11,595, articulates OCR policy under Title VI on issues concerning the responsibility of school districts to provide equal educational opportunity to ELL students. The May 1970 Memorandum states, in part,“Where the inability to speak and understand the English language excludes national origin minority group children from effective participation in the educational program offered by a school district, the district must take affirmative steps to rectify the language deficiency in order to open its instructional program to these students.” The May 1970 Memorandum was affirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974). In adopting the May 1970 Memorandum, the Supreme Court ruled, in Lau v. Nichols, that placing ELL students in a regular program taught in English when they were unable to participate meaningfully in that program because of their limited English proficiency constituted discrimination on the basis of national origin in violation of Title VI.

1985 Policy Memorandum and 1991 Policy Update. The Departmental policy memoranda, OCR’s Title VI Language Minority Compliance Procedures, issued December 3, 1985 (1985 Policy Memorandum), and Policy Update on Schools’ Obligations Towards National Origin Minority Students with Limited-English Proficiency, issued September 27, 1991 (1991 Policy Update), set forth the standard an alternative language program must meet to comply with Title VI. These policies use the analytic framework articulated in Castañeda v. Pickard, 648 F.2d 989 (5th Cir. 1981). This letter will use the term “alternative language program”interchangeably with the term, “English language development program”or ELD program.

The 1985 Policy Memorandum and 1991 Policy Update specifically set forth the following issues to consider:

(1) the adequacy of the program model;

(2) the adequacy of the implementation of the program model; and

(3) whether the District monitors, evaluates, and modifies its program if necessary.

In analyzing the program model, OCR considers whether the program is recognized as sound by some experts in the field or considered a legitimate experimental strategy. In analyzing the adequacy of the District’s implementation of the program model, OCR examines issues such as the following:

(a) identification and assessment of ELL students;

(b) adequacy of staff, materials, facilities, and resources;

(c) whether ELL students are separated from the general District school population;

(d) the objectivity of exiting criteria;

(e) whether ELL students receive necessary special education services or whether they are inappropriately placed in special education classes; and

(f) whether ELL students are denied participation in gifted and talented programs or other special programs.

Concerning a district’s obligations to provide effective notice to parents, the May 1970 Memorandum provides that recipients must adequately notify national origin minority group limited-English proficient parents of school activities that are called to the attention of other parents and that such notice in order to be adequate may have to be provided in a language other than English. Additionally, OCR considers the issue of communication with limited-English proficient parents in a manner consistent with Executive Order 13166, Improving Access for Persons with Limited-English Proficiency, issued August 11, 2000 (Executive Order 13166). The U.S. Department of Justice Guidance issued on June, 18, 2002, Guidance to Federal Financial Assistance Recipients RegardingTitle VI Prohibition Against National Origin Discrimination AffectingLimited-English Proficient Persons (DOJ Guidance), provides specific guidance about the method and manner (including translation and interpretation) for delivering information to ELL individuals in a timely and effective manner.

II.Facts and Analysis

  1. General Overview

The District is located in Luzerne County in northeast Pennsylvania;it comprises the city of Hazleton and surrounding suburban and rural areas. The District has ten schools: Arthur Street Elementary School, Arthur Street Elementary Annex, Drums Elementary-Middle School, Freeland Elementary-Middle School, Hazleton Elementary-Middle School, Heights Terrace Elementary-Middle School, McAdoo-Kelayres Elementary School, Valley Elementary-Middle School, West Hazleton Elementary-Middle School, and Hazleton Area High School, which comprises three facilities: the Hazleton Area High School, the Ninth Grade Center, and the Hazleton Area Career Center.

The District’sELL student population has grown significantly, from just over 100 students in 2000to 1,280 studentsin 2013. In March 2013, the District reported an enrollment of 1,280ELL students, including 45 students who were exited from the ELL program and who were being monitored by the District. The total student enrollment at the District is10,842students, 39percent of whom were Hispanic and 29percent of whom were identified as having a primary home language other than English. The District’s ELL population is mostly Spanish-speaking, with 31 students from 12 other language backgrounds, including Chinese-Mandarin, Buginese,Sandawi and Italian.

  1. Prong One – Adequacy of the Alternative Language Program Model

The 1985 Policy Memorandum states that indeterminingwhether a school district is in compliance with Title VI, OCR considers whether the District’s alternative language program is likely to meet the educational needs of language-minority students effectively. The 1991 Policy Update states that a school district may demonstrate that its program is likely to be effective by showing that the educational approach used is considered sound by some experts in the field or that it is a legitimate experimental strategy. Some approaches that OCR has recognized as falling under this category include transitional bilingual education, bilingual/bicultural education, structured immersion, developmental bilingual education, and English as a Second Language (ESL). If a school district is using a different approach, it can demonstrate Title VI compliance if it can show that some experts in the field consider the approach sound or that it is considered a legitimate experimental strategy.

The District is responsible for complying with theLuzerne Intermediate Unit 18 English as a Second Language(ESL) Program Guide (Guide). The Guide is a general guideline applicable to all districts in the Intermediate Unit’s area of responsibility. The document outlines districts’ responsibilities but does not specifically state how Hazleton Area School District will carry out those responsibilities in each of the alternative language component areas. The individual responsible for the District’s alternative language program is the Supervisor of Federal Programs and Grants. The District’s ESL Testing Coordinatorisresponsible forESL testing at registration, ACCESS test administration,and maintenance of placement forms, files of studentswhose primary home language is other than English (PHLOTE), and other related documents.

The District’s primary methodology for English language instruction is ESL. The ESL program at all grade levels utilizes several techniques to provide content area instruction: ESL teachers providing pull-out content area instruction; regular and ESL teachers collaborating on instruction; paraprofessionals providing testing support; consultants working with the regular education classroom teachers; and sheltered instruction. Atall school levels, aside from ESL pull-out sessions and the Newcomer Program, students are assigned to grade level classrooms and are taught in English by regular classroom teachers.

All teachers who provide direct ESL instruction for ELL students are certified in ESL. At the elementary and middle school levels, the ESL program model is a pull-out ESL program, where students receive intensive language instruction from an ESL teacher during a period of time when their non-ELL peers are receiving English or reading instruction. OCR found that in practice,ELL students receive pull-out (removal from the regular classroom) or in some casesstudents remain in theregular classroom and receive support from an ESL teacher. Depending on the student’s proficiency level, the student may receive ESL instruction daily. Some ESL teachers use two instructional programs (Read 180 and System 44) with ESL students who are at certain proficiency levels.The District also uses textbooks designed for English language learners.

At the high school level (except for the Newcomer Program),the type of ESL program model that is used iscontent-based ESL. Content-based ESL is a recognized alternative language service delivery model in which the use of English is adapted to students’ proficiency levels and is supplemented by visual aids and manipulatives,so that language and content instruction are integrated (i.e.,content instruction is provided in English). Intermediate/Advanced students are assigned an ESL classbased upon their proficiency level. Entering or beginning ELL students may be assigned to the Newcomer Program if they meet the eligibility criteria set forth below.

The Newcomer Program, initiated in the 2007-2008 school year, is housed at the Ninth Grade Center, and serves up to 40ELL students in grades nine through twelve. This program uses sheltered instruction, which integrates language and content instruction. To be eligible for this program, the student must have been living in the United States for less than a year and have limited or no English proficiency. Students in the Newcomer Program move to the high school by the start of the school year following their initial enrollment in the program. At the time of OCR’s onsite, the Newcomer Program was divided into two classes according to proficiencylevel (limited English proficiency and no English proficiency). In other years, the District arranged the program in two classes based on grade level, grades nine and ten as one class and grades eleven and twelve as the second class.

Prong One Conclusion

OCR finds that the District’s chosen instructional models for providing English language instruction—ESL with some pull-out instruction in some content areas (all grade levels), and a program of sheltered instruction (Newcomer Program)—meets the first prong of the Castañeda standard.

  1. Prong Two – Adequacy of the Implementation of the Alternative Language Program

The second prong of OCR’s analysis requires recipients to effectively implement the program model they adopted. The primary elements of an alternative language program are: (1) identification and assessment of ELL students; (2) staffing; (3) instructional materials, facilities, and peer integration; (4) access to special programs and special education; and (5) exiting criteria and monitoring of exited students.

Identification and Assessment of ELL Students

A school district must have procedures in place for identifying and assessing ELL students to ensure that all national origin language minority students who are unable to participate effectively in the mainstream instructional program due to limited-English proficiency are receiving alternative language services. To carry out this obligation, school districts must identify, upon enrollment in the district, each national origin language minority PHLOTE student, in kindergarten through grade twelve, who has a primary or home language other than English. All identifiedPHLOTE students must be assessed in a timely manner, using objective assessment instruments to determine whether students require alternative language services because of limited proficiency in reading, writing, speaking, or understanding the English language. The criteria used to determine eligibility for ELL placement must be objective and must ensure that all students who, because of limited-English proficiency, are not able to effectively participate in a school district’s regular program, receive alternative language program services. OCR does not prescribe particular assessments, but school districts must assess proficiency in English inall four language domains (reading, writing, speaking, and comprehension). See the1985Policy Memorandum.

The method the District uses to identify PHLOTE students is a home language survey (HLS), which is completed by a parent or guardian during the registration and enrollment process. The District requires that parents register new students in person at the main administration building. The District has a registration packet that is available in English and Spanish, and the HLS is a mandatory part of that package. The survey asks the following questions:

What is/was the student’s first language?

Does the student speak a language(s) other than English?

If yes, specify the language(s).

What language(s) is/are spoken daily in your home?

Has the student attended any United States School in any 3 years during his/her lifetime?

If yes, complete the following: (Name of School, State, and Dates Attended)

If the HLS indicates that English is the student’s first language, the student is interviewed, usually by the ESL testing coordinator, and if she confirms that the student is “dominant in English,” an ESL DepartmentNon-Placement Verification form is filled out and no testing is done. For students whose first language is not English, or who is otherwise a PHLOTE student,the District uses the WIDA-Access Placement Test (W-APT) to determine the student’s level of proficiency. According to the test publisher’s website, the W-APT is a test used to assist in identification and placement of ELL students, and assesses students in each of the four language domains. Based on the results of the W-APT, the District assigns the student an English language proficiency level as follows: 1 (Entering), 2 (Beginning), 3 (Developing), 4 (Expanding), 5 (Bridging), or 6 (Reaching).

If the assessment indicates that the student needs ESL services, a profile form is completed and filed in the student’s cumulative folder. The student is assigned to ESL, and the ESL teacher at the student’s receiving school is notified of the new student. The student’s parent or guardian is notified that the student has been assigned to ESL; this notification is available in Spanish.

The ESL DepartmentNon-Placement Verification form describes six possible reasons for “non-placement,” includinga score of Fluent English Proficient on the assessment. However, other reasons noted on the form indicated thata determination could be made without a full language proficiency assessment in the four language domains:

1.“He/She has been interviewed to determine that English is his/her first language.”

2.“He/She has met the criteria for non-placement in ESL.”

3.“Special Education takes precedence because his/her disability precludes meaningful instruction in ESL.”

OCR confirmed that the District’s process allows some PHLOTE students to be assigned to regular classes without being assessed for their English language proficiency. For example, when a student “has met the criteria for non-placement in ESL,”a PHLOTE student may be exempt from assessment if he or she meets two of the three following criteria: 1) final grades of B or better in core subject areas (Mathematics, Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies); 2) scores in district-wide assessments that are comparable to the Basic performance level on the PSSA; and 3) scores of Basic in Reading, Writing, and Math on the PSSA or an equivalent assessment from another state.

OCR found that some PHLOTE students who did not meet the above criteriawere exempted from the W-APT assessment. OCR’s review of the files of 324 PHLOTE students revealed that 102 PHLOTE students were exempted frommeeting the criteria for non-placement in ESL, but twelve of these students lacked the grades required by the criteria. Several studentshad grades of F, D, or both in content areas. In addition,grade information was not made available in the filesof 17 of the 102 students who were exempted.