<REFSHEAD>References

.

1. NICOR: National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Congenial Heart Disease Website. Catheter Procedure Data. https://nicor4.nicor.org.uk/CHD/an_paeds.nsf. (aAccessed March 1, Mar 2014).

2. Shook DC, Gross W. Offsite anesthesiology in the cardiac catheterization lab. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2007;20:352–8

.

3. Razavi R, Hill DLG, Keevil SF, et al. Cardiac catheterisation guided by MRI in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Lancet 2003;362:1877–82

.

4. Geva T. Is MRI the preferred method for evaluating right ventricular size and function in patients with congenital heart disease?: MRI is the preferred method for evaluating right ventricular size and function in patients with congenital heart disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:190–7

.

5. Moore P. MRI-guided congenital cardiac catheterization and intervention: the future? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;66:1–8

.

6. Tzifa A, Komnou A, Loggitsi D. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in a premature baby with interrupted aortic arch and aortopulmonary window. Cardiol Young 2013;23:742–5

.

7. Bashore TM, Bates ER, Berger PB, et al. American College of Cardiology/Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions Clinical Expert Consensus Document on cardiac catheterization laboratory standards. A report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Doc. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:2170–214

.

8. Bacher K, Bogaert E, Lapere R, et al. Patient-specific dose and radiation risk estimation in pediatric cardiac catheterization. Circulation 2005;111:83–9

.

9. Andreassi MG, Ait-Ali L, Botto N, et al. Cardiac catheterization and long-term chromosomal damage in children with congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2703–8

.

10. Venneri L, Rossi F, Botto N et al. Cancer risk from professional exposure in staff working in cardiac catheterization laboratory: insights from the National Research Council's Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII Report. Am Heart J. 2009;157:118-–24.

11. Vano E, Gonzalez L, Fernández JM, Haskal ZJ. Eye lens exposure to radiation in interventional suites: caution is warranted. Radiology 2008;248:945–53

.

12. Ramamoorthy C, Haberkern CM, Bhananker SM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children with heart disease: data from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest (POCA) registry. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:1376-–82.

.

13. Odegard KC, Bergersen L, Thiagarajan R, et al. The frequency of cardiac arrests in patients with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg 2014;118:175–82.

14. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). GC112: Sedation in children and young people. http://www.nice.org.uk/CG112; (accessed April 17, April 2014).

.

15. Andropoulos DB, Stayer SA. An anesthesiologist for all pediatric cardiac catheterizations: luxury or necessity? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2003;17:683–5.

.

16. Bergersen L, Gauvreau K, Jenkins KJ, Lock JE. Adverse event rates in congenital cardiac catheterization: a new understanding of risks. Congenit Heart Dis 2008;3:90–105

.

17. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96:1004–17.

.

18. Coté CJ, Notterman DA, Karl HW, et al. Adverse sedation events in pediatrics: a critical incident analysis of contributing factors. Pediatrics 2000;105:805–14

.

19. Ryan CA, Robertson M, Coe JY. Seizures due to lidocaine toxicity in a child during cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Cardiol 1993;14:116–8

.

20. Deng M, Wang X, Wang L, Zheng S. The hemodynamic effects of newborn caudal anesthesia assessed by transthoracic echocardiography: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Paediatr Anaesth 2008;18:1075–81

.

21. Pirat A, Karaaslan P, Candan S, et al. Topical EMLA cream versus prilocaine infiltration for pediatric cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2005;19:642–5

.

22. Kain ZN, Mayes LC, Wang SM, et al. Parental presence during induction of anesthesia versus sedative premedication: which intervention is more effective? Anesthesiology 1998;89:1147–56..

23. Levine MF, Hartley EJ, Macpherson BA, et al. Oral midazolam premedication for children with congenital cyanotic heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery: a comparative study. Can J Anaesth 1993;40:934–8

.

24. Coté CJ, Cohen IT, Suresh S, et al. A comparison of three doses of a commercially prepared oral midazolam syrup in children. Anesth Analg 2002;94:37–43, table of contents

.

25. Bennett D, Marcus R, Stokes M. Incidents and complications during pediatric cardiac catheterization. Paediatr Anaesth 2005;15:1083–8

.

26. Mehta R, Lee K-J, Chaturvedi R, Benson L. Complications of pediatric cardiac catheterization: a review in the current era. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008;72:278–85..

27. Hansen TG, Henneberg SW. Brachial plexus injury during cardiac catheterisation in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999;43:364–5

.

28. Carmosino MJ, Friesen RH, Doran A, Ivy DD. Perioperative complications in children with pulmonary hypertension undergoing noncardiac surgery or cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg 2007;104:521–7

.

29. Shukla AC, Almodovar MC . Anesthesia considerations for children with pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2010;11:S70–3..

30. Allen HD, Beekman RH, Garson A, et al. Pediatric therapeutic cardiac catheterization: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association. Circulation 1998;97:609–25..

31. Section on Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery; American Academy of Pediatrics. Guidelines for pediatric cardiovascular centers. Pediatrics 2002;109:544–9..

32. Feltes TF, Bacha E, Beekman RH, et al. Indications for cardiac catheterization and intervention in pediatric cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;123:2607–52.

.

33. Fakler U, Pauli C, Hennig M, et al. Assumed oxygen consumption frequently results in large errors in the determination of cardiac output. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:272–6

.

34. Wolf A, Pollman MJ, Trindade PT, et al. Use of assumed versus measured oxygen consumption for the determination of cardiac output using the Fick principle. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1998;43:372–80

.

35. Rutledge J, Bush A, Shekerdemian L, et al. Validity of the LaFarge equation for estimation of oxygen consumption in ventilated children with congenital heart disease younger than 3 years – --a revisit. Am Heart J 2010;160:109–14

.

36. Clark DJ. Venous thromboembolism in paediatric practice. Paediatr Anaesth1999; 9:475–84

.

37. Shekerdemian LS, Bush A, Lincoln C, et al. Cardiopulmonary interactions in healthy children and children after simple cardiac surgery: the effects of positive and negative pressure ventilation. Heart 1997;78:587–93

.

38. Shekerdemian LS, Bush A, Shore DF, et al. Cardiopulmonary interactions after Fontan operations: augmentation of cardiac output using negative pressure ventilation. Circulation 1997;96:3934–42

.

39. Lofland GK. The enhancement of hemodynamic performance in Fontan circulation using pain free spontaneous ventilation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;20:114–8, discussion 118–9

.

40. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (2004) Safe sedation of children undergoing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, 2004. http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/published/index.html#Surgery ( Aaccessed September 1, September 2013)..

41. Friesen RH, Alswang M. Changes in carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation during deep sedation for paediatric cardiac catheterization. Paediatr Anaesth 1996;6:15–20

.

42. Wodey E, Pladys P, Copin C, et al. Comparative hemodynamic depression of sevoflurane versus halothane in infants: an echocardiographic study. Anesthesiology 1997;87:795–800

.

43. Rivenes SM, Lewin MB, Stayer SA, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl-midazolam in children with congenital heart disease: an echocardiographic study of myocardial contractility and hemodynamics. Anesthesiology 2001;94:223–9.

44. Murray DJ, Forbes RB, Mahoney LT. Comparative hemodynamic depression of halothane versus isoflurane in neonates and infants: an echocardiographic study. Anesth Analg 1992;74:329–37

.

45. Laird TH, Stayer SA, Rivenes SM, et al. Pulmonary-to-systemic blood flow ratio effects of sevoflurane, isoflurane, halothane, and fentanyl/midazolam with 100% oxygen in children with congenital heart disease. Anesth Analg 2002;95:1200–6..

46. Williams GD, Jones TK, Hanson KA, Morray JP The hemodynamic effects of propofol in children with congenital heart disease. Anesth Analg 1999;89:1411–6..

47. Uezono S, Clarke WR. The effect of propofol on normal and increased pulmonary vascular resistance in isolated perfused rabbit lung. Anesth Analg 1995;80:577–82

.

48. Tramèr MR, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Propofol and bradycardia: causation, frequency and severity. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:642–51

.

49. Auden SM, Sobczyk WL, Solinger RE, Goldsmith LJ. Oral ketamine/midazolam is superior to intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric cardiac catheterization. Anesth Analg. 2000 ;90:299-–305..

50. Shekerdemian L, Bush A, Redington A. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous midazolam after open heart surgery. Arch Dis Child 1997;76:57–61..

51. Li J, Zhang G, McCrindle BW, et al. Profiles of hemodynamics and oxygen transport derived by using continuous measured oxygen consumption after the Norwood procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:441–8

.

52. Nguyen NK, Magnier S, Georget G, et al. [Anesthesia for heart catheterization in children. Comparison of 3 techniques]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1991;10:522–8..

53. Sarkar M, Laussen PC, Zurakowski D, et al. \ Hemodynamic responses to etomidate on induction of anesthesia in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 2005;101:645–50..

54. Munro HM, Tirotta CF, Felix DE, et al. Initial experience with dexmedetomidine for diagnostic and interventional cardiac catheterization in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2007;17:109–12

.

55. Easley RB, Tobias JD. Pro: dexmedetomidine should be used for infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008;22:147–51..

56. Hammer GB. Con: dexmedetomidine should not be used for infants and children during cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2008;22:152–4.

.

57. Sichrovsky TC, Mittal S, Steinberg JS. Dexmedetomidine sedation leading to refractory cardiogenic shock. Anesth Analg 2008;106:1784–6

.

58. Hammer GB, Drover DR, Cao H, et al. The effects of dexmedetomidine on cardiac electrophysiology in children. Anesth Analg 2008;106:79–83..

59. Dönmez A, Kizilkan A, Berksun H, et al. One center’s experience with remifentanil infusions for pediatric cardiac catheterization. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001;15:736–9..

60. Rautiainen P. Alfentanil infusion for sedation in infants and small children during cardiac catheterization. Can J Anaesth 1991;38:980–4..

61. Foubert L, Reyntjens K, De Wolf D, et al. Remifentanil infusion for cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46:355–60..

62. Grifka RG. Transcatheter intervention for the treatment of congenital cardiac defects. Tex Heart Inst J 1997;24:293–300..

63. Shim D, Lloyd TR, Crowley DC, Beekman RH. Neonatal cardiac catheterization: A 10-year transition from diagnosis to therapy. Pediatr Cardiol 1999;20:131–3..

64. Allan CK, Thiagarajan RR, Armsby LR, et al. Emergent use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during pediatric cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2006;7:212–9..

65. Booth KL, Roth SJ, Perry SB, et al. Cardiac catheterization of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1681–6..

66. Javorski JJ, Hansen DD, Laussen PC, et al. Paediatric cardiac catheterization: innovations. Can J Anaesth 1995;42:310–29..

67. Pihkala J, Nykanen D, Freedom RM, Benson LN. Interventional cardiac catheterization. Pediatr Clin North Am 1999;46:441–64..

68. O’laughlin MP. Balloon-expandable stenting in pediatric cardiology. J Interv Cardiol 1995;8:463–75

.

69. Tabatabaei H, Boutin C, Nykanen DG, et al. Morphologic and hemodynamic consequences after percutaneous balloon valvotomy for neonatal pulmonary stenosis: medium-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:473–8..

70. Gournay V, Piéchaud JF, Delogu A, et al. Balloon valvotomy for critical stenosis or atresia of pulmonary valve in newborns. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:1725–31..

71. Fedderly RT, Lloyd TR, Mendelsohn AM, Beekman RH. Determinants of successful balloon valvotomy in infants with critical pulmonary stenosis or membranous pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:460–5..

72. Chubb H, Pesonen E, Sivasubramanian S, et al. Long-term outcome following catheter valvotomy for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1468–76..

73. Alwi M, Geetha K, Bilkis AA, et al. Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum percutaneous radiofrequency-assisted valvotomy and balloon dilation versus surgical valvotomy and blalock taussig shunt. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:468–476..

74. O’Laughlin MP Catheterization treatment of stenosis and hypoplasia of pulmonary arteries. Pediatr Cardiol 1998;19:48–56..

75. Hosking MC, Thomaidis C, Hamilton R, et al. Clinical impact of balloon angioplasty for branch pulmonary arterial stenosis. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:1467–70..

76. Holzer RJ, Gauvreau K, Kreutzer J, et al. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of branch pulmonary arteries: adverse events and procedural characteristics: results of a multi-institutional registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:287–96..

77. Butera G, Antonio LTM, Massimo C, Mario C. Expanding indications for the treatment of pulmonary artery stenosis in children by using cutting balloon angioplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006;67:460–5..

78. Sugiyama H, Veldtman GR, Norgard G, et al. Bladed balloon angioplasty for peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;62:71–7..

79. Baerlocher L, Kretschmar O, Harpes P, et al. Stent implantation and balloon angioplasty for treatment of branch pulmonary artery stenosis in children. Clin Res Cardiol 2008;97:310–7..

80. Bergersen L, Gauvreau K, Justino H, et al. Randomized trial of cutting balloon compared with high-pressure angioplasty for the treatment of resistant pulmonary artery stenosis. Circulation 2011;124:2388–96..

81. Law MA, Shamszad P, Nugent AW, et al. Pulmonary artery stents: long-term follow-up. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;75:757–64.

.

82. Stanfill R, Nykanen DG, Osorio S, et al. Stent implantation is effective treatment of vascular stenosis in young infants with congenital heart disease: acute implantation and long-term follow-up results. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2008;71:831–41.

83. Geggel RL, Gauvreau K, Lock JE. Balloon dilation angioplasty of peripheral pulmonary stenosis associated with Williams syndrome. Circulation 2001;103:2165–70.

84. Bonhoeffer P, Boudjemline Y, Saliba Z, et al. Percutaneous replacement of pulmonary valve in a right-ventricle to pulmonary-artery prosthetic conduit with valve dysfunction. Lancet 2000;356:1403–5.

85. Lurz P, Coats L, Khambadkone S, et al. Percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation: impact of evolving technology and learning curve on clinical outcome. Circulation 2008;117:1964–72.

86. Ghanbari H, Kidane AG, Burriesci G, et al. Percutaneous heart valve replacement: an update. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008;18:117–25.

87. Kostolny M, Tsang V, Nordmeyer J, et al. Rescue surgery following percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;33:607–12.

88. Stumper O, Ramchandani B, Noonan P, et al. Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract. Heart 2013;99:1603–8.

89. Haas NA, Laser TK, Moysich A, et jal. Stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract in symptomatic neonatal tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiol Young. 2014;24:369-73.

90. Shenoy AR, Padmakumar P, Subashchandra V. Right ventricular outflow tract stenting in tetrology of fallot with restrictive ventricular septal defect. J Invasive Cardiol 2006;18:E59–60.

91. Laudito A, Bandisode VM, Lucas JF, et al. Right ventricular outflow tract stent as a bridge to surgery in a premature infant with tetralogy of Fallot. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:744–746.