Supplementary Information
Table 1 List of species and studies in which male display traits were positively correlated with male attractiveness to females. Within rows, traits and studies with identical symbols are associated.
Species name / Common name / Traits associated with male attractiveness / ReferencesINSECTS
Acheta domesticus / house cricket / song / Crankshaw 1979
Achroia grisella / lesser wax moth / song pulse intensity*
song pulse rate*
song pulse duration*
song pulse rate† / Jang & Greenfield 1996*; Greig & Greenfield 2004†
Allonemobius socius / southern ground cricket / chirp duration / Olvido & Wagner Jr. 2004
Bicyclus anyana / Satyrid butterfly sp. / eyespot size / Breuker & Brakefield 2002
Bittacus stigmatereus / hangingfly sp. / size of nuptial prey / Thornhill 1978
Ceratitis capitata / Mediterranean fruit fly / display frequency / Whittier et al. 1994
Chorthippus biguttalus / dueting grasshopper / song complexity / von Helversen & von Helversen 1997
C. brunneus / common field grasshopper / song syllable length / Butlin et al. 1985
Colias eurytheme / orange sulphur / flight activity*
UV-reflectance† / Watt et al. 1986;
Silberglied & Taylor 1978†
Conocephalus brevipennis / short-winged meadow katydid / song rate / Guerra & Morris 2002
C. nigropleurum / meadow katydid / call intensity*
vibration display† / Morris et al. 1978*; De Luca & Morris 1998†
Cyrtodiopsis whitei / stalk-eyed fly sp. / eye stalk length / Wilkinson et al. 1998
C. dalmanni / stalk-eyed fly sp. / eye stalk length / Wilkinson et al. 1998
Cystoma saundersii / bladder cicada / call intensity / Doolan 1981
Danaus gilippus / queen butterfly / pheromone / Brower et al. 1965; Myers & Brower 1969; Pliske & Eisner 1969
Drosophila grimshawi / fruit fly sp. / pheromones
display intensity / Droney & Hock 1998
D. melanogaster / fruit fly sp. / courtship song / Kyriacu & Hall 1982; Talyn & Dowse 2004
D. montana / fruit fly sp. / song pulse rate*
song carrier frequency*† / Ritchie et al. 1998*; Hoikkala & Suvanto 1999†
D. serrata / fruit fly sp. / cuticular hydrocarbons / Chenoweth & Blows 2005
D. subobscura / fruit fly sp. / nuptial food gift*
agility† / Steele 1986*; Steele & Partridge 1988†
Grapholita molestra / oriental fruit moth / pheromone / Baker et al. 1981
Gryllus bimaculatus / two-spotted cricket / song / Simmons 1988
G. campestris / field cricket / calling rate*†
carrier frequency† / Holzer et al. 2003*; Scheuber et al. 2004†
G. integer / southwestern field cricket / call bout length*
call loudness† / Hedrick 1986*, 1988*; Cade 1979†
G. lineatriceps / variable field cricket / calling song chirp rate
courtship song chirp rate / Wagner and Reiser 2000
Harpobittacus nigriceps / scorpionfly sp. / size of nuptial prey / Thornhill 1983
H. australis / scorpionfly sp. / size of nuptial prey / Alcock 1979
H. similis / scorpionfly sp. / size of nuptial prey / Gwynne 1984
Hylobittacus apicalis / scorpionfly sp. / size of nuptial gift / Thornhill 1984
Laupala cerasina / Hawaiian cricket sp. / pulse rate
pulse duration
carrier frequency / Shaw & Herlihy 2000
Ligurotettix coquilletti / creosote bush grasshopper / song activity / Greenfield & Shelly 1985
Libellula luctuosa / widow skimmer / wing color / Moore 1990
Nauphoeta cinerea / speckled cockroach / pheromone / Moore 1989
Oecanthus nigricornis (Walker) / black-horned tree cricket / nuptial gift (secretions) / Bussière et al. 2005
Palmacorixa nana / Heteroptera sp. / call intensity / Aiken 1982
Panorpa latipennis / Mecoptera sp. / abdominal clamp organ*
nuptial food gift† / Thornhill 1980*; Thornhill 1981†
P. penicillata / Mecoptera sp. / nuptial food gift / Thornhill 1979
Papilio glaucus / eastern tiger swallowtail / color morph / Krebs & West 1988
Phaneroptera nana / Mediterranean katydid / chirp duration / Tauber et al. 2001
Photinus consimilis / firefly sp. / flash pulse rate / Branham & Greenfield 1996
P. ignites / firefly sp. / flash duration
lantern size / Cratsley & Lewis 2003
P. pyrelis / firefly sp. / flash intensity / Vencl & Carlson 1998
Phryganidia californica / moth sp. / wing length / Mason 1969
Pieris occidentalis / western white butterfly / color pattern / Wiernasz 1989
Requena verticalis / bush cricket / call loudness*
call spectrum*
call rate† / Bailey et al. 1990*; Schatral 1990†
Scapteriscus acletus / southern mole cricket / call intensity / Forrest 1980
Teleogryllus oceanicus / oceanic field cricket / song*
call intensity† / Burk 1983*; Doolan & Pollack 1985†
Tettigonia cantans / green bushcricket / song pitch
song loudness / Latimer & Sippel 1987
Tribolium casteneum / red flour beetle / pheromone / Boake 1985, 1986
CRUSTACEANS
Homarus americanus / American lobster / pheromone / Bushman & Atema 2000
Rhynchocineles typus / rock shrimp / male morph / Diaz & Thiel 2003
Uca beebei / fiddler crab sp. / burrow quality / Christy 1988
U. musica / fiddler crab sp. / burrow hood / Christy et al. 2002
U. tangeri / fiddler crab sp. / claw waving display / Oliveira & Custodio 1998
SPIDERS
Cupiennius gatezi / wandering spider / vibration display / Schmitt et al. 1994
Hygrolycosa rubofasciata / wolf spider sp. / drumming display duration
drumming display pulse rate / Parri et al. 2002
Schizocosa crassipes / wolf spider sp. / visual display
vibration display / Hebets & Uetz 1999
S. duplex / wolf spider sp. / vibration display / Hebets & Uetz 1999
S. ocreata / wolf spider sp. / visual display*
vibration display*
leg tufts† / Scheffer et al. 1996*; Persons & Uetz 2005†
S. retrorsa / wolf spider sp. / visual display*
vibration display† / Hebets et al. 1996*; Hebets & Uetz 1999†
S. rovneri / wolf spider sp. / vibration display / Scheffer et al. 1996
S. stridulans / wolf spider sp. / visual display
vibration display / Hebets & Uetz 1999
S. uetzi / wolf spider sp. / vibration display*
visual display† / Hebets & Uetz 1999*; Hebets 2005†
FISHES
Apogon notatus / cardinalfish / ornamental lip / Okuda et al. 2003
Astatotilapia burtoni / African cichlid sp. / display activity / Clement et al. 2005
Bothus podas / wide-eyed flounder / courtship effort / Carvalho et al. 2003
Brachypopomus pinnicaudatus / electric fish sp. / electric organ discharge amplitude
electric organ discharge duration / Curtis & Stoddard 2003
Chaetodon multicinctus / pebbled butterflyfish / color pattern / McMillan et al. 1999
Cyathopharynx furcifer / LakeTanganika cichlid sp. / courtship activity
fin length / Karino 1997
Cyprinodon pecosensis / pecos pupfish / coloration / Kodric-Brown 1983
Dascyllus albisella / domino damselfish / acoustic displays / Oliver & Lobel 2000
Etheostoma virgatum / striped darter / eggspots on fins / Porter et al. 2002
Eviota abax / Gobiid sp. / dorsal spine length / Kitamura et al. 2002
E. prasina / pepperfin pygmygoby / dorsal fin length
courtship frequency / Sekiya & Karino 2004
Gambusia affinis holbrooki / mosquitofish / coloration / Taylor et al. 1996
Gasterosteus aculeatus / three-spined stickleback / courtship behavior*
body color†
eye color‡ / Jamieson & Colgan 1989*; McLennan & McPhail 1990†; Rowland 1994‡
Girardinichthys multiradiatus / amarillo / UV-coloration / Macias Garcia & Burt de Perera 2002
Gobiomorphus breviceps / upland bully / coloration / Hamilton & Poulin 1999
Halichoeres melanurus / tailspot wrasse / fin length
fin color / Kuwamura et al. 2000
Haplochromis nyererei / Lake Malawi cichlid sp. / coloration / Seehausen 1997
Jordanella floridae / Florida flagfish / coloration / St. Mary et al. 2001
Labeotrpheus fuelleborni / Lake Malawi cichlid / color
color contrast / Pauers et al. 2004
Lepomis megalotis / longear sunfish / opercular flap length / Goddard & Mathis 1997
Leucaspius delineatus / sunbleak / courtship activity / Gozlan et al. 2003
Limia perugiae / Perugia’s limia / courtship (sigmoid) display / Applebaum & Cruz 2000
Parablennius sanguinolentus / Azorean rock-pool blenny / courtship behavior / Oliviera et al. 2000
Poecilia latipinna / sailfin molly / vertical bars*
coloration†
sailfin size‡ / Schluter et al. 1998*; Schlupp et al. 1999; MacLaren et al. 2004‡
P. mexicana / shortfin molly / coloration / Schlupp et al. 1999
P. reticulata / guppy / coloration*‡§↨
tail size†
display rate†§
ultraviolet reflectance**↑ / Houde 1987*; Bischoff et al. 1985†; Kodric Brown 1985↨; Brooks & Endler 2001‡; Kodric-Brown & Nicoletto 2001§; Kodric-Brown & Johnson 2002**; Smith et al. 2002↑
Pomacentrus partitus / bicolor damselfish / sound frequency / Myberg et al. 1987
Pseudotropheus callainos / cichlid sp. / courtship sound
courtship display / Amorim et al. 2004
P. lombardoi / cichlid sp. / eggspot on fin / Couldridge 2002
P. zebra / cichlid sp. / courtship sound
courtship display / Amorim et al. 2004
P. ‘zebra gold’ / cichlid sp. (undescribed) / courtship sound
courtship display / Amorim et al. 2004
Rhinogobbius brunneus / common freshwater goby / dorsal fin size*
courtship in fast water† / Suk & Choe 2002*; Takahashi & Kohda 2004†
Rhodeus sericeus / European bitterling / display intensity
color / Candolin & Reynolds 2001
Salaria pavo / peacock blenny / crest size / Goncalves et al. 2002
Spinachia spinachia / fifteen-spined stickleback / tangspiggin production (tangspinnin is a glycoprotein used to hold males’ nests together) / Ostlund-Nilsson 2001
Stegastes nigricans / dusky gregory / courtship frequency / Karino 1995
Thalassoma bifasciatum / bluehead wrasse / male coloration / Warner & Schultz 1992
Tramitichromis intermedius / cichlid sp. / courtship sounds
courtship display / Ripley & Lobel 2004
Xiphophorus cortezi / Cortez swordtail / vertical bars / Morris et al. 2003
X. helleri / green swordtail / sword length*
courtship behavior†
sword color‡ / Basolo 1990*; Rosenthal et al. 1996†; Basolo Trainer 2002‡
X. pygmaeus / pygmy swordtail / color morph
courtship behavior / Kingston et al. 2003
ANURANS
Acris crepitans / northern cricket frog / call pitch*
call complexity† / Ryan & Wilczynski 1988*; Kime et al. 2004†
Alytes cisternasii / Iberian midwife toad / call rate / Bosch & Marquez 2005
A. obstetricans / midwife toad sp. / call duration
call frequency / Lode & Le Jacques 2003
A. muletensis / Majorcan midwife toad / call rate / Dyson et al. 1998
Bufo americanus / American toad / time calling*
call frequency† / Howard 1988; Howard & Young 1998†
B. bufo / common toad / call loudness / Höglund & Robertson 1988
B. calamita / natterjack toad / call loudness*
call pulse rate† / Arak 1983*, 1988†
B. cognatus / great plains toad / time calling / Sullivan 1983a
B. valliceps / gulf-coast toad / call rate
call duration / Wagner & Sullivan 1995
B. viridis / green toad / call loudness / Castellano et al. 2004
B. woodhousei / Woodhouse’s toad / call rate / Sullivan 1983b
Crinia georgiana / quacking frog / call rate
pulse number / Smith & Roberts 2003
Dendrobates pumillio / strawberry poison frog / coloration*
pulse rate†
call rate† / Summers et al. 1999*; Prohl 2003†
Epidobates trivittatus / poison frog sp. / calling activity / Roithmair 1994
Hyla chrysoscelis / Cope’s grey treefrog / frequency / Morris & Yoon 1989
H. cinerea / green treefrog / call pitch / Gerhardt 1987
H. crucifer / spring peeper / call loudness*
call pitch*
call rate*
call duration† / Forester & Czarnowsky 1985*; Doherty & Gerhardt 1984†
H. ebraccata / hourglass treefrog / multinote calls*
call rate / Wells & Schwartz 1984; Wells & Bard 1987 †
H. gratiosa / barking treefrog / call pitch*
pulse shape*
call rate† / Gerhardt 1981*; Murphy & Gerhardt 2000†
H. meridionalis / Mediterranean treefrog / call rate
call duration / Schneider 1982
H. microcephala / yellow treefrog / call rate*
call complexity†
pulse rate† / Schwartz 1986*, 1987†
H. regilla / pacific treefrog / call rate
call loudness / Whitney & Krebs 1975
H. versicolor / gray treefrog / call loudness*
call rate†
call duration† / Fellers 1979*; Klump & Gerhardt 1987†
Hyperolius marmoratus / reed frog / call loudness*
call rate† / Telford 1985*; Grafe 1997†
Litoria ewingi, verrauxi / southern brown treefrog / call pulse rate / Loftus-Hills & Littlejohn 1971
Physalaemus enesefae / call duration
call rate
call frequency / Tarano & Herrera 2003
P. pustulosus / túngara frog / call pitch*
call complexity*
call intensity†
vocal sac‡ / Ryan 1980*, 1983*, 1985*; Rand & Ryan 1981*; Ryan & Rand 1990†; Rosenthal et al. 2004‡
Uperoleia rugosa / wrinkled toadlet / call pitch / Robertson 1986
TORTOISES
Testudo hermanni / Hermann’s tortoise / call rate
call pitch / Galeotti et al. 2005
T. marginata / marginated tortoise / call rate
call frequency
call duration
courtship intensity / Sacchi et al. 2003
LIZARDS
Anolis carolinensis / green anole / dewlap color / Sigmund 1983
Lacerta monticola / Iberian rock lizard / odor / Lopez et al. 2003
Psammodromus algirus / large psammodromus / ornamentation / Salvador & Veiga 2001
Urosaunts ornatus / ornate tree lizard / color / Hamilton & Sullivan 2005
BIRDS, non-passerines
Aethia cristatella / crested auklet / crest length / Jones & Hunter 1999
Alectoris rufa / red-legged partridge / call rate / Bottoni et al. 1993
Anas acuta / northern pintail / plumage coloration / Sorenson & Derrickson 1994
A. platyrhynchos / mallard / display*
plumage*
bill color† / Holmberg et al. 1989; Omland 1996†
Bubulcus ibis ibis / cattle egret / plumage elaboration / Krebs et al. 2004
Callipepla californica / California quail / coloration / Calkins & Burley 2003
C. gambelii / Gambel’s quail / courtship rate / Hagelin & Ligon 2001
C. squamata / scaled quail / courtship rate / Hagelin & Ligon 2001
Circus cyaneus / northern harrier / display / Simmons 1988
Columba livia / rock dove / plumage color / Burley 1977, 1981
Cyanoliseus patagonus / burrowing parrot / plumage color / Masello & Quillfeldt 2003
Cygnus atratus / black swan / plumage ornaments / Kraaijveld et al. 2004
Gallinago media / great snipe / display rate*
tail color† / Höglund & Lundberg 1987*; Höglund & Robertson 1990†; Höglund et al. 1990†
Gallus gallus / red jungle fowl / comb size*
eye color*
comb color*
spur length*
display intensity† / Zuk et al. 1990a-d*; Zuk et al. 1995†
Meleagris gallopavo / wild turkey / skullcap size*
snood length*† / Bucholz 1995*; Bucholz 2004†
Melopsittacus undulates / budgerigar / ultraviolet plumage / Pearn et al. 2003
Otis tarda / great bustard / feather length
display rate / Morales et al. 2003
Pavo cristatus / Indian peafowl / train length*
number of ocelli on train*
display rate†
call rate†
call complexity† / Petrie et al. 1991*; Petrie & Halliday 1994*; Yasmin & Yahya 1996†
Perdix perdix / grey partridge / call rate
call acoustic structure / Beani & Dessifulgheri 1995
Phaethon rubricauda / red-tailed tropicbird / tail length / Boland et al. 2004
Phalacrocorax aristotelis / European shag / crest size / Daunt et al. 2003
P. carbo lucidus / great cormorant / plumage color / Childress & Bennun 2002
Phasianus colchicus / ring-necked pheasant / spur length*
feeding courtship display†
lateral display† / von Schantz et al. 1989*; Mateos & Carranza 1999†
Rissa triclactyla / black-legged kittiwake / courtship feeding / Helfenstein et al. 2003
Stercorarius parasiticus / parasitic jaeger / color morph / O’Donald 1983
Tetrao tetrix / black grouse / display duration*
vocal display†
advertisement display†
tail length‡
comb size** / Kruijt & de Vos 1988*; Höglund et al. 1997†; Rintamaki et al. 2001a‡, b**
BIRDS, passerines
Acrocephalus arundinaceus / great reed warbler / song length*
repertoire size†‡ / Catchpole 1986*; Catchpole et al. 1986†; Hasselquist et al. 1996‡
A. schoenobaenus / sedge warbler / repertoire size*†
song flighting† / Catchpole et al. 1984*; Buchanan & Catchpole 1997†
Agelaius phoeniceus / red-winged blackbird / repertoire size*
song intensity† / Searcy 1988*;
Searcy 1996†
Amblyornis inornatus arfak / Volgelkop bowerbird (Arfak population) / area of blue decorations
bower volume / Uy & Borgia 2000
Ammodramus maritumus / seaside sparrow / song / M. V. McDonald 1989
Cardinalis cardinalis / northern cardinal / bill color
plumage color / Jawor et al. 2003
Carduelis tristis / American goldfinch / coloration / Johnson et al. 1993
Carpodacus mexicanus / house finch / coloration*
song length†
song rate† / Hill 1990*; Nolan & Hill 2004†
Chiroxiphia linearis / long-tailed manakin / call*
display*
frequency matching between dual courting males† / D. B. McDonald 1989*; Trainer & McDonald 1995†
Chlamydera maculata / spotted bowerbird / bower quality*
bower decorations*‡
display intensity† / Borgia 1995*; Borgia & Presgraves 1998†; Madden 2002‡
Emberiza citrinella / yellowhammer / repertoire size*
plumage brightness† / Baker et al. 1987*; Sunberg 1995†
Euplectes ardens / red-collared widowbird / tail length / Pryke et al. 2001
E. axillaries / red-shouldered widowbird / tail length / Pryke & Andersson 2002
E. progne / long-tailed widdowbird / tail size / Andersson 1982
E. jacksoni / Jackson’s widowbird / display*
tail length* / Anderson 1989
Ficedula hypoleuca / pied flycatcher / plumage color*‡
song rate†
ultraviolet reflectance§
song quality** / Slagsvold & Lifjeld 1988*; Alatalo et al. 1990†; Dale & Slagsvold 1996‡; Siitari et al. 2002§; Lampe & Espmark 2003**
Geospiza conirostris / large cactus finch / song type
color / Grant & Grant 1987
G. fortis / medium ground-finch / color / Price 1984
Geothlypis frichas / common yellowthroat / mask size / Thusius et al. 2001
Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus / pinyon jay / coloration / Johnson 1988
Hirundo rustica / barn swallow / tail length*
song rate† / Møller 1988*; Møller et al. 1998†
Icturus spurious / orchard oriole / plumage coloration / Enstrom 1993
Junco hyemalis / dark-eyed junco / courtship activity
white tail feathers / Hill et al. 1999
Luscinia s. svecica / bluethroat / ultraviolet reflectance / Johnsen et al. 1998
Malurus melanocephalus / red-backed fairy-wren / plumage brightness / Karubian 2002
Melospiza melodia / song sparrow / repertoire size / Searcy 1984; Reid et al. 2004
M. georgiana / swamp sparrow / repertoire size*
song performance† / Searcy & Marler 1984*; Ballentine et al. 2004
Mimus polyglottus / northern mockingbird / repertoire size / Howard 1974
Molothrus ater / brown-headed cowbird / song potency*
song diversity† / West et al. 1981*; O’Loghlen & Rothstein 2002†
Nectarinia johnstoni / scarlet-tufted malachite sunbird / tail length / Evans & Hatchwell 1992
Panurus biarmicus / bearded tit / tail length / Romero-Pujante et al. 2002
Parotia lawesii / Lawes’ parotia / display / Pruett-Jones & Pruett-Jones 1990
Parus caeruleus ultramarinus / blue tit / ultraviolet reflectance / Andersson et al. 1998
P. major / great tit / song structure*
repertoire size†
breast stripe size‡ / McGregor & Krebs 1982*; Baker et al. 1986†; Norris 1990a,b‡
Passer domesticus / house sparrow / badge size / Griffith et al. 1999
Passerculus sandwichensis / savannah sparrow / song rate / Reid & Weatherhead 1990
Phylloscopus inoratus / yellow-browed leaf warbler / color / Marchetti 1998
P. trochilus / willow warbler / song rate
repertoire size / Radesäter et al. 1987*
Ploceus cucullatua / village weaverbird / display*
color† / Collias & Victoria 1978*; Collias et al. 1979†
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus / satin bowerbird / bower decorations*
bower quality*
mimicry quality†§
display intensity‡
male responsiveness to female signals‡
bower ownership**
mimetic repertoire size§ / Borgia 1985*; Loffredo & Borgia 1986†; Patricelli et al. 2002‡;Borgia et al. 2004**; Coleman et al. MS§
Quiscalus quiscula / common grackle / repertoire size / Searcy 1992
Serinus canaria / canary / repertoire size*
coloration†
song complexity‡ / Kroodsma 1976*; Heindl & Winkler 2003†; Pasteau et al. 2004
Sturnus vulgaris / European starling / song complexity*
ultraviolet reflectance†
song length‡ / Mountjoy & Lemon 1996*; Bennett et al. 1997†; Gentner & Hulse 2000‡
Taeniopygia guttata / zebra finch / beak color*
repertoire size†
song rate‡
ultraviolet reflectance§
song length** / Burley & Coopersmith 1987*; Clayton & Pröve 1989†; Collins et al. 1994‡; Bennett et al. 1996§; Neubauer 1999**
Vidua chalybeata / village indigobird / song rate / Payne & Payne 1977
V. regia / queen whydah / display rate
tail length / Barnard 1990
MAMMALS
Cervus elaphus / red deer / roaring rate / McComb 1991
Dama dama / dama gazelle / antler size / Clutton-Brock et al. 1989
Eulemur fulvus / red-fronted lemur / coloration / Cooper & Hosey 2003
Galea musteloides / yellow-toothed cavy / courtship activity / Hohoff et al. 2003
Lemmus trimucronatus / brown lemming / odor / Huck & Banks 1982
Macaca mulatto / rhesus macaques / facial color / Waitt et al. 2003
Microcebus murinus / grey mouse lemur / trill rate / Craul et al. 2004
Mus musculus / house mouse / odor / Lenington & Egid 1985
Nycticebus pygmaeus / pygmy loris / odor*†
countermarking* / Fisher et al. 2003a*, b†
Oryctolagus cuniculus / European rabbit / odor / Reece-Engel 1988
References for supplementary information
Andersson, S., Örnborg, J. & Andersson, M. 1998 Ultraviolet sexual dimorphism and assortative mating in blue tits. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 265, 445-450.
Aiken, R. B. 1982 Effects of group density on calling rate, phonotaxis, and nesting success in Palacorixa nana (Heteroptera: Corixidae). Can. J. Zool. 60, 1665-1672.
Alcock, J. 1979 Selective mate choice by females of Harpobittacus australis (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Psyche 86, 213-217.
Alatalo, R. V., Glynn, C. & Lundberg, A. 1990 Singing rate and female attraction in the pied flycatcher: An experiment. Anim. Behav. 39, 601-603.
Amorim, M. C. P., Knight, M. E., Stratoudakis, Y. & Turner, G. F. 2004Differences in sounds made by courting males of three closely related Lake Malawi cichlid species. J. Fish. Biol. 65, 1358-1371.
Anderson, M. 1982 Female choice selects for extreme tail length in a widowbird. Nature 299, 818-820.
Andersson, M. 1989 Sexual selection and cues for female choice in the leks of Jackson’s widowbird Euplectes jacksoni. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25, 403-410.
Applebaum, S. L. & Cruz, A. 2000 The role of mate choice copying and disruption effects in mate preference determination of Limia perugiae (Cyprinodontiformes, Poeciliidae). Ethol. 106, 933-944.
Arak, A. 1983 Male-male competition and mate choce in anuran amphibians. In Mate Choice (ed. P. Bateson). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Arak, A. 1988. Female mate selection in the natterjack toad: Active choice or passive attraction? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 22, 317-327.
Bailey, W. J. 1985 Acoustic cues for female choice in bush crickets (Tettigoniidae). Pp. 101-110 in Acoustic and vibrational communication in insects (eds. K. Kalmring, N. Elsner) Berlin: Parey.
Bailey, W. J., Cunningham, R. J. & Lebel, L. 1990 Song power, spectral distribution and female phonotaxis in the bushcricket, Requena verticalis (Tettigoniidae: Orthoptera): Active female choice or passive attraction? Anim. Behav. 40, 33-42.