Supplemental Table 1: Cross-latitudinal analysis from a total of 58 studies (including present study). This analysis comprised of 21 studies from tropical waters (including present studies), 22 studies from subtropical waters, 13 studies from temperate waters and 2 cross-latitudinal studies.

Reference / Location / Climate / Latitude / Temperature
(°C) / Abundance
( x 103cell ml-1) / µ
(d–1) / g
(d–1)
Present study / Strait of Malacca / Tropical / 2.29°N / 29.5 ± 1.1 / 133 ± 47 / 0.99 ± 0.28 / 0.83 ± 0.42
Tropical / 3°N / 29.5 ± 0.9 / 28 ± 17 / 0.84 ± 0.44 / 0.83 ± 0.43
1 / South East Asia / Tropical / 10°S - 5°N / NA / 74 ± 56 / -- / --
Western North Pacific Ocean / Tropical / 5 - 20°N / NA / 1.4 ± 0.51 / -- / --
Eastern Indian Ocean / Tropical / 22 - 10°S / NA / 3.6 ± 2.0 / -- / --
2 / Central Pacific Ocean / Tropical / 22°45'N / NA / 10 -100 / 0.70 ± 0.04 / 0.39 ± 0.05
-- / 0.58 ± 0.21 / 0.22 ± 0.07
-- / 0.54 ± 0.08 / 0.2 ± 0.14
3 / Davies & Myrmidon Reef / Tropical / 18°49'N / 25.7 / 42.3 / -- / --
18°49'N / 26.1 / 63.5 / -- / --
18°49'N / 26 / 64.7 / -- / --
18°49'N / 27.5 / 31.7 / -- / --
18°16'N / 25.3 / 17.1 / -- / --
18°16'N / 25.4 / 7.2 / -- / --
18°16'N / 25.8 / 11.7 / -- / --
18°16'N / 26.2 / 18.2 / -- / --
18°16'N / 25.7 / 9.5 / -- / --
18°16'N / 25.7 / 11.8 / -- / --
4 / North Atlantic Ocean / Tropical / 5°S / -- / 2.4 / -- / --
0 / 40.8 / -- / --
5°N / 6.6 / -- / --
10°N / 11.7 / -- / --
15°N / 25.1 / -- / --
20°N / 3.5 / -- / --
Subtropical / 25°N / 4.1 / -- / --
30°N / 3.9 / -- / --
35°N / 9 / -- / --
40°N / 8.6 / -- / --
Temperate / 45°N / 15 / -- / --
50°N / 27.5 / -- / --
55°N / 31.8 / -- / --
60°N / 59 / -- / --
5 / Western Arabic Sea / Tropical / 4°N / 26.9 / 67.18 / 0.653 / 0.195
7°N / 26.7 / 51.15 / 0.595 / 0.042
10°N / 26 / 43.69 / 0.52 / 0.201
12°N / 26 / 53.58 / 0.928 / 0.503
12°N / 25.9 / 0.399 / 0.148
12°N / 25.4 / 142.23 / 0.742 / 0.708
14°N / 25.7 / 1.123 / 1.187
16°N / 25.8 / 47.25 / 0.681 / 0.383
6 / South Pacific Ocean / Tropical / 17°28'S / -- / 190 ± 2.7 / -- / --
17°28'S / 369.7 ± 87.6 / -- / --
17°35'S / 43.8 ± 7.6 / -- / --
17°35'S / 17.3 ± 3.6 / -- / --
16°43'S / 66.3 ± 4 / -- / --
16°43'S / 86.6 ± 8.1 / -- / --
15°50'S / 32.1 ± 4.8 / -- / --
15°50'S / 43.8 ± 4.3 / -- / --
18°03'S / 39.1 ± 4.8 / -- / --
18°03'S / 79 ± 8.5 / -- / --
16°41'S / 49.7 ± 6.2 / -- / --
16°41'S / 50 ± 3.3 / -- / --
16°50'S / 7.1 ± 1 / -- / --
16°50'S / 0.5 ± 0.1 / -- / --
15°45'S / 44.2 ± 2.3 / -- / --
15°45'S / 32.1 ± 5.9 / -- / --
14°30'S / 71.5 ± 3.5 / -- / --
17°19'S / 0.1 / -- / --
17°19'S / 0.1 / -- / --
16°49'S / 277.7 ± 16.6 / -- / --
16°49'S / 25.7 ± 4.2 / -- / --
7 / Arabian Sea / Tropical / 19°N / 27.9 / 80 / 1.12 / 0.72
10°N / 27.8 / 52 / 0.46 / 0.34
14.5°N / 27.1 / 45 / 0.58 / 0.50
16°N / 26.6 / 123 / 0.84 / 0.73
17°N / 25 / 51 / 0.58 / 0.33
18°N / 24.1 / 56 / 0.66 / 0.33
8 / Equatorial Pacific / Tropical / 0° / -- / 9 / 0.20 - 0.90 / 0.20 - 0.90
9 / Equatorial Pacific / Tropical / 0° / 29 - 30 / 1.48 ± 0.07 / -- / --
Tropical / 8.35 ± 0.97 / -- / --
10 / South China Sea / Tropical / 20 - 22°N / 27 - 28 / 13.8 - 150 / -- / --
11 / South China Sea / Tropical / 16°08'N / 26 - 32°C / 4 ± 2.7 / -- / --
16°14'N / 2.86 ± 0.41 / -- / --
16°16'N / 1.84 ± 0.21 / -- / --
16°21'N / 2.36 ± 1 / -- / --
16°26'N / 1.39 ± 0.08 / -- / --
16°24'N / 1.27 ± 0.15 / -- / --
16°26'N / 1.69 ± 0.36 / -- / --
16°42'N / 0.99 ± 0.01 / -- / --
16°54'N / 0.99 ± 0.12 / -- / --
16°50'N / 1.47 / -- / --
16.44°N / 0.49 ± 0.01 / -- / --
16.44°N / 1.88 ± 0.22 / -- / --
16.43°N / 1.63 ± 0.09 / -- / --
16.43°N / 2.48 ± 0.25 / -- / --
16.42°N / 0.94 ± 0.02 / -- / --
16.42°N / 0.13 / -- / --
16.40°N / 1.42 ± 0.02 / -- / --
16.38°N / 0.46 / -- / --
16.34°N / 1.09 ± 0.21 / -- / --
16.44°N / 1.19 ± 0.02 / -- / --
16.39°N / 0.48 ± 0.05 / 0.2 - 1.28 / --
16.35°N / 4.26 ± 0.09 / -- / --
16.37°N / 1.67 ± 0.01 / -- / --
12 / Singapore Strait / Tropical / 1°10' - 1°20'N / -- / 53.6 - 115.2 / -- / --
Johor Strait / Tropical / 1°20' - 1°30'N / -- / 12.4 - 27.1 / -- / --
13 / Nansha Island (SCS) / Tropical / 6 - 12°N / 27.7 - 29.5 / 0.40 - 5.70 / -- / --
14 / Southwestern Pacific Ocean / Tropical / 13 - 13.9°S / 27.13 ± 3.17 / 2 - 60 / -- / --
15 / Cape Rachado, Malaysia / Tropical / 2.40° N / 29.5 / 580 ± 420 / -- / --
Tropical / 2.40° N / 30.2 / 610 ± 440 / -- / --
Tropical / 2.40° N / 29.9 / 550 ± 100 / -- / --
16 / Northern South China Sea / Tropical / 18°N / 23 - 31 / 100 - 1000 / -- / --
17 / Western South China Sea / Tropical / 11 - 15.75°N / 18.46 / 43 ± 46 / 0.14 - 1.83 / 0 - 1.04
18 / northern South China Sea / Tropical / 18 - 24°N / 29.6 / 6.1 / -- / --
Tropical / 22.7 / 20.5 / -- / --
19 / Northwestern Pacific Ocean / Tropical / 5 - 45°N / 22.1 - 30.9 / 1 - 84 / -- / --
20 / South China Sea / Tropical / 14.25°N / 27.6 / 12.4 / -- / --
14.75°N / 28.9 / 23.8 / -- / --
15.75°N / 29.4 / 18.6 / -- / --
12.50°N / 28.4 / 120 / -- / --
11.50°N / 28.4 / 10.9 / -- / --
12.50°N / 29.3 / 22.4 / -- / --
11.50°N / 32.5 / 35.6 / -- / --
18.30°N / 29.6 / 11.4 / -- / --
21 / Strait of Malacca / Tropical / 2.40° - 3.00°N / 30.4 ± 0.3 / 1.67 ± 0.35 / -- / --
22 / Seto Inland Sea / Subtropical / 34°40'N / 24 / 7.00 - 57.00 / 0.585 / --
23 / Chesapeake Bay / Subtropical / 36°58'N / 4.62 - 26.25 / 7.36 - 928 / 0.62 / --
24 / Western Pacific / Subtropical / 25°09'N / 28 / 90 / -- / --
25 / Mediterranean sea / Subtropical / 40.74°N / 13.98 - 27.8 / 14.38 ± 13.54 / -- / --
26 / Sargasso Sea / Subtropical / 32°N / 19 - 27 / 10 - 50 / -- / --
27 / Sagami Bay / Subtropical / 35°09'N / 24.8 / 22 / 0.84 / --
25.3 / 13 / 1.9 / --
22.2 / 78 / 0.84 / --
17.1 / 4.2 / -- / --
28 / San Francisco Bay / Subtropical / 38°N / 13 - 24 / 114 / -- / --
29 / Western Mediterranean / Subtropical / 35 - 38°N / 15 - 18 / 16 / -- / --
30 / East China Sea / Subtropical / 25 - 32°N / 12 - 26 / -- / 0.42 / 0.21
31 / Southern California Bight / Subtropical / 29 - 35°N / 17.05 ± 1.89 / 23.26 ± 27.06 / -- / --
32 / Sargasso Sea / Subtropical / 26°00'N / -- / 7 / 0.45 / 0.49
31°40'N / 15 / -- / --
35°54'N / 9 / 0.42 / 0.09
38°25'N / 42 / 0.69 / 0.37
32°30'N / 9.5 / 0.68 / 0.3
30°10'N / 22 / 0.63 / 0.46
33 / Pacific Ocean / Subtropical / 32°53'N / 13 - 24 / 33 / 0.52 / 0.27
32°53'N / 82 / 0.86 / 0.31
32°53'N / 100 / 0.69 / 0.39
32°53'N / 38 / 0.77 / 0.15
32°53'N / 65 / 0.56 / 0.22
32°53'N / 42 / 0.58 / 0.4
34 / Gulf of Aqaba / Subtropical / 29°30'N / 21.3 / 4.5 ± 0.5 / -0.49 / -1.06
29°30'N / 21.3 / 5.5 ± 1.1 / 0.53 / -0.42
28°30'N / 21.4 / 43.5 ± 9.4 / 0.56 / 0.11
27°30'N / 22.7 / 27.5 ± 2.7 / -2.74 / -2.78
27°30'N / 21.5 / 7.5 ± 3.3 / 0.5 / 0.19
35 / Gulf of Aqaba / Subtropical / 29°28'N / 22 - 25 / 30 - 39 / -- / --
36 / East China Sea / Subtropical / 32°N / 27.8 / 31 / -- / --
28 / 12 / -- / --
13.6 / 1.5 / -- / --
Subtropical / 28 - 31.5°N / 29.2 / 2 / -- / --
20.4 / 8.3 / -- / --
37 / East China Sea / Subtropical / 28 - 31°N / 21 - 25 / 59.7 ± 98 / -- / --
31°N / 190.2 ± 527.7 / -- / --
38 / North Atlantic Ocean / Subtropical / 29.3°N / NA / 9 ± 19 / -- / --
29.8 / 14 ± 24 / -- / --
30.1 / 12 ± 22 / -- / --
31.7 / 25 ± 43.4 / -- / --
32.6 / 19 ± 29 / -- / --
33.3 / 36 ± 45 / -- / --
34.1 / 13 ± 17 / -- / --
34.8 / 30 ± 52 / -- / --
35.3 / 16 ± 24 / -- / --
35.8 / 59 ± 83 / -- / --
36.3 / 41 ± 52 / -- / --
36.7 / 25 ± 22 / -- / --
37.1 / 12 ± 14 / -- / --
37.4 / 11 ± 13 / -- / --
37.6 / 10 ± 12 / -- / --
37.8 / 23 ± 32 / -- / --
37.9 / 12 ± 14 / -- / --
37.9 / 28 ± 39 / -- / --
37.9 / 3 ± 4 / -- / --
Temperate / 45 / 29 ± 26 / -- / --
48 / 84 ± 80 / -- / --
50 / 152 ± 150 / -- / --
52.9 / 63 ± 42 / -- / --
54.1 / 35 ± 21 / -- / --
57 / 54 ± 30 / -- / --
58 / 18 ± 10 / -- / --
61.1 / 41 ± 34 / -- / --
64.5 / 9 ± 40 / -- / --
39 / Atlantic Ocean / Subtropical / 34°20' - 34°54'S / 19.75 / 170 / -- / --
40 / Uwa sea, Japan / Subtropical / 33°2'N / 18 - 28 / 1.2 - 460 / 0.25 - 1.39 / 0.62 - 1.54
41 / Chesapeake Bay / Subtropical / 37°N / 3.1 / 0.89 / -- / --
26.8 / 96.3 / -- / --
38°N / 2.7 / 9.6 / -- / --
27.3 / 798 / -- / --
39°N / 2.9 / 2.7 / -- / --
23.9 / 484 / -- / --
42 / East China Sea / Subtropical / 25 - 32°N / 28.32 / 97.63 / 1.08 / 1.11
29.54 / 46.12 / 0.74 / 0.41
28.92 / 7.04 / 0.55 / 0.37
10.93 / 0.74 / 1.04 / 0.44
17.01 / 4.77 / 0.67 / 0.29
21.45 / 13.44 / 0.39 / 0.31
43 / East China Sea / Subtropical / 25 - 32°N / 24.8 / 6 - 92 / -- / --
24.7 / 5 - 70 / -- / --
25.7 / 3 - 54 / -- / --
27.1 / 3 - 31 / -- / --
27.8 / 4 - 12 / -- / --
27.7 / 1 - 12 / -- / --
25 / 19 - 114 / -- / --
23.4 / 7 - 112 / -- / --
22.1 / 3 - 123 / -- / --
19.1 / 2 - 59 / -- / --
18.7 / 2 - 163 / -- / --
23.2 / 14 - 24 / -- / --
23 / 19 - 86 / -- / --
23.9 / 17 - 43 / -- / --
25.7 / 7 - 19 / -- / --
24.4 / 8 - 84 / -- / --
22.8 / 3 - 78 / -- / --
21.4 / 4 - 79 / -- / --
20.9 / 3 - 94 / -- / --
20 / 3 - 51 / -- / --
17.4 / 4 - 49 / -- / --
16.9 / 3 - 30 / -- / --
18.5 / 2 - 15 / -- / --
18 / 2 - 84 / -- / --
19.4 / 3 - 126 / -- / --
20.5 / 5 - 173 / -- / --
22.6 / 5 - 49 / -- / --
22.7 / 5 - 145 / -- / --
21.5 / 5 - 81 / -- / --
20.8 / 3 - 71 / -- / --
19.7 / 4 - 42 / -- / --
44 / Yellow Sea, China / Subtropical / 33.5 - 37.5 °N / 8.29 / 10.17 / -- / --
10.24 / 1.9 / -- / --
10.54 / 4.26 / -- / --
Subtropical / 35.8 - 37 °N / 8.68 / 8.04 / -- / --
8.83 / 4.76 / -- / --
9.19 / 9.9 / -- / --
Subtropical / 35 - 35.58 °N / 7.46 / 5.77 / -- / --
7.81 / 5.58 / -- / --
7.95 / 6.31 / -- / --
45 / Northern Adriatic Sea / Temperate / 44°N / 4.5 - 25.3 / 38 / -- / --
6.5 - 25.3 / 38 / -- / --
46 / Northwest Mediterranean Sea / Temperate / 41°21'N / -- / 7.18 ± 0.84 / 1.05 / 1.65 ± 0.08
41°21'N / 4.03 ± 0.19 / 0.23 / --
41°7.5'N / 2.15 ± 1.03 / 1.79 / --
40°21'N / 1.7 ± 0.44 / 1.49 / --
41°31'N / 4.44 ± 0.45 / 0.76 / --
41°21'N / 4.57 ± 1.07 / -- / --
41°16'N / 9.15 ± 2.4 / -- / --
41°07'N / 4.0 ± 2.25 / -- / --
41°37'N / 12.94 ± 0.15 / 1.07 / --
47 / Central Baltic Sea / Temperate / 55°45'N / 13.3 / 140 / -- / --
19.8 / 340 / -- / --
48 / Mediterranean Bay / Temperate / 41°40'N / 11 - 26 / 5 - 70 / 0.2 - 1.5 / --
49 / Northwestern Mediterranean Sea / Temperate / 43°41'N / 11 - 26 / 43 / 0.69 - 1.25 / 0.50 - 1.00
50 / Funka Bay / Temperate / 42°16.2'N / 13 - 20 / 150.5 / -- / --
51 / Atlantic Ocean / Temperate / 51°21'S - 9°47'N / 2 - 30 / 100.5 / -- / --
52 / Black Sea / Temperate / 41° - 45°N / 7 - 11 / 45 / -- / --
53 / Faroe-Shetland Channel / Temperate / 60 - 62°N / 10.89 / 5 - 25 / -- / 0.075 - 0.275
54 / Celtic Sea / Temperate / 50°45'N / 15 / 25 - 150 / -- / --
55 / Adriatic Sea / Temperate / 45°40' - 45°45'N / 20.1-24.6 / 0.3 - 150 / -- / --
45°40' - 45°45'N / 5.3-21.3 / 0.3 - 14 / -- / --
45°15' - 45°31'N / 13-26.3 / 2 - 223 / -- / --
44°31'N / 12.2 - 12.3 / 8 - 80 / -- / --
41°23'N / 8.2 - 23.1 / 0.4 - 300 / -- / --
40°42'N / 11.7 17.8 / 1 - 19 / -- / --
40°19'N / 12.7 - 20.7 / 55 - 134 / -- / --
56 / Arctic ocean / Temperate / 69°30'N / -0.04 / 0.4 / -- / --
69°31'N / -0.54 / 2.31 / -- / --
70°9'N / -0.32 / 0.4 / -- / --
70°9'N / -0.45 / 1.6 / -- / --
70°51'N / -0.61 / 2.11 / -- / --
71°16'N / -1.34 / 1.17 / -- / --
70°47'N / 0.12 / 0.74 / -- / --
71°32'N / -1.29 / 0.56 / -- / --
71°35'N / -1.37 / 0.4 / -- / --
71°27'N / -0.67 / 0.23 / -- / --
68°23'N / -0.81 / 1.31 / -- / --
69°50'N / -1.3 / 1.42 / -- / --
57 / North pacific Ocean / Temperate / 47°N / 10.3 ± 0.5 / 13.9 / -- / --
Tropical / 18°N / 27.7 / 1.3 / -- / --
18°N / 28.2 / 1.7 / -- / --
10°N / 27.5 / 2.1 / -- / --
10°N / 28.2 / 3.7 / -- / --
10°N / 28.1 / 3.2 / -- / --
10°N / 28.5 ± 0.03 / 41 / -- / --

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