References – Chapter 17:
Adcock, F., and Clarke, E. 1947. The location of thunderstorms by radio direction finding. J. Inst. Electr. Eng. 94B: 118-25.
Aleksandrov, M.S., Bakleneva, Z.M., Gladshtein, N.D. et al. 1972. Fluctuations of Earth's Electromagnetic Field on VLF, 195 p., Moscow: Nauka.
Aleksandrov, M.S. and Orlov, A.V. 2000. A comparative analysis of range-difference and direction-finding methods for lightning location. J. Communications Technology and Electronics 46(3): 279-87.
Atlas, D. 1958. Radar lightning echoes and atmospherics in vertical cross section. In Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electricity, ed. L.G. Smith, pp. 441-459, Oxford, England: Pergamon.
Atlas, D. 1964. Advances in radar meteorology. In Advances in Geophysics, vol. 10, ed. H. Landsberg, pp. 317-481, New York: Academic.
Baru, N.V., Kononov, I.I., and Solomonik, M.E. 1976. Radio Direction Finders as Ranging Devices for Close Thunderstorms, 143 p., Leningrad, Russia: Gidrometeoizdat.
Battan, L.J. 1973. Radar Observation of the Atmosphere, 324 p., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
Bent, R.B. 1969. Investigations sof global thunderstorm activity from the Ariel III satellite. in Planetary Electrodynamics, eds. S.C. Coroniti and J. Huges, pp. 111-127, Newark, New Jersey: Gordon and Breach.
Bent, R.B., and Lyons, W.A. 1984. Theoretical evaluations and initial operational experiences of LPATS (Lightning Positioning and Tracking System) to monitor lightning strikes using a time-of-arrival (TOA) technique. In Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Alabany, New York, pp. 317-324.
Berger, K., Anderson, R.B., and Kroninger, H. 1975. Parameters of lightning flashes. Electra 80: 23-37.
Bernstein, R., Samm, R., Cummins, K., Pyle, R., and Tuel, J. 1996. Lightning detection network averts damage and speeds restoration. IEEE Computer Applications in Power 9: 12-7.
Bevington, P.R. 1969. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Biswas, K.R. and Hobbs, P.V. 1990. Lightning over the Gulf Stream. Geophys. Res. Lett. 17: 941-3.
Boccippio, D.J., Goodman, S.J., and Heckman, S. 2000b. Regional differences in tropical lightning distributions. J. Appl. Meteor. 39: 2231-48.
Boccippio, D.J., Heckman, S., and Goodman, S.J. 2001b. A diagnostic analysis of the Kennedy Space Center LDAR network 1. Data characteristics. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (D5): 4769-86.
Boccippio, D.J., Heckman, S., and Goodman, S.J. 2001c. A diagnostic analysis of the Kennedy Space Center LDAR network 2. Cross-sensor studies. J. Geophys. Res. 106 (D5): 4787-4796.
Boccippio, D.J., Koshak, W., Blakeslee, R., Driscoll, K., Mach, D., Buechler, D., Boeck, W., Christian, H.J., and Goodman, S.J. 2000. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD): Instrument characteristics and cross-sensor validation. J. Atmos.Ocean. Technol. 17: 441-58.
Boccippio, D.J., Williams, E.R., Heckman, S.J., Lyons, W.A., Baker, I.T., and Boldi, R. 1995. Sprites, extreme-low-frequency transients, and positive ground strokes. Science 269: 1088-91.
Boccippio, D.J., Wong, C., Williams, E.R., Boldi, R., Christian, H.J., and Goodman, S.J. 1998. Global validation of single-station Schumann resonance lightning location. J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys. 60: 701-12.
Bochkovskii, B.B., Rogozhin, I.B., Rosanov, N.I., and Timashova, L.V. 1997. Recording of lightning strike locations and determination of lightning current amplitudes. Elektrichestvo 8: 24-9 (English translation in Electrical Technology, No. 3, pp. 57-67, 1997).
Bondiou, A., Taudièrre, I., Richard, P., and Helloco, F. 1990. Analyse spatio-temporelle du rayonnement VHF-UHF associé à l'éclair. Rev. Phys. Appl. 25: 147-57.
Bondiou-Clergerie, A. Blanchet, P., Théry, C., Delannoy, A., Lojou, J.Y., Soulage, A., Richard, P., Roux, F., and Chauzy, S. 1999. “ORAGES”: A project for space-borne detection of lightning flashes using interferometry in the VHF-UHF band. In Proc. of the 11th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Guntersville, Alabama, pp. 184-187.
Boulanger, A.G., and Maier, M.W. 1977. On the frequency of cloud-to-ground lightning from tropical cumulonimbus clouds. In Proc. of the 11th Technical Conf. on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami Beach, Florida, Am. Meteor. Soc., Boston, pp. 450-454.
Branick, M.L., and Doswell, C.A. III 1992. An observation of the relationship between supercell structure and lightning ground-strike polarity. Wea. Forecast. 7: 143-9.
Brantley, R.D., Tiller, J.A., and Uman, M.A. 1975. Lightning properties in Florida thunderstorms from video tape records. J. Geophys. Res. 80: 3402-6.
Brock, M. 1991. The observation and implications of a storm dominated by positive lightning. Master's Thesis, StateUniversity of New York at Albany, Albany, New York.
Brook, M., Henderson, R.W., and Pyle, R.B. 1989. Positive lightning strokes to ground. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,295-303.
Browne, I.C. 1951. A radar echo from lightning. Nature 167: 438.
Browning, K.A. 1977. The structure and mechanisms of hailstorms. In Hail: A Review of Hail Science and Hail Suppression, eds. G.B. Foote and C.A. Knight, pp. 1-43, Boston, Mass.: American Meteorological Society.
Buechler, D.E., Driscoll, K.T., Goodman, S.J., and Christian, H.J. 2000. Lightning activity within a tornadic thunderstorm observed by the Optical Transient Detecter (OTD). Geophys. Res. Lett. 27: 2253-6.
Carpenter, D.L., and Orville, R.E. 1989. The excitation of active whistler mode signal paths in the magnetosphere by lightning: Two case studies. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 8886-94.
Casper, P.W., and Bent, R.B. 1992. Results from the LPATS U.S.A. national lightning detection and tracking system for the 1991 lightning season. In Proc. of the 21st Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Berlin, Germany, pp. 339-342.
Cerni, T.A. 1976. Experimental investigation of the radar cross section of cloud-to-ground lightning. J. Appl. Meteor. 15: 795-8.
Cianos, N., Oetzel, G.N., and Pierce, E.T. 1972. A technique for accurately locating lightning at close ranges. J. Appl. Meteor. 11: 1120-7.
Cianos, N., Oetzel, G.N., and Pierce, E.T. 1973. Reply. J. Appl. Meteor. 12: 1421-3.
Changnon, S.A. 1989. Relations of thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning frequency. J. Clim. 2: 897-921.
Changnon, S.A. 1992. Temporal and spatial relations between hail and lightning. J. Appl. Meteor. 587-604.
Changnon, S.A. 1993. Relationships between thunderstorms and cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States. J. Appl. Meteor. 32: 88-105.
Changnon, S.A., Changnon, D., and Pyle, R.B. 1988. Thunder events and cloud-to-ground lightning frequencies. J. Geophys Res. 93: 9495-502.
Chisholm, W.A., and Janischewskyj, W. 1988. Evaluation of detection efficiency and location accuracy for Canadian lightning location systems. 10 p. Canadian Electrical Association.
Christensen, U., and Israelsson, S. 1987. Relationships between radar echo characteristics and lightning parameters for a thunderstorm in Sweden. Wea. 42: 165-76.
Christian, H.J., Blakesee, R.J., and Goodman, S.J. 1992. Lightning imaging sensor for the Earth observing system. NASA Tech. Memorandum 4350.
Christian, H.J., Blakeslee, R.J., and Goodman, S.J. 1989. The detection of lightning from geostationary orbit. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,329-37.
Christian, H.J., Driscoll, K.T., Goodman, S.J., Blakeslee, R.J., Mach, D.A., and Buechler, D.E. 1996. The Optical Transient Detector (OTD). In Proc. of the 10th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, Osaka, Japan, pp. 368-371.
Christian, H.J., Frost, R.L., Gillaspy, P.H., Goodman, S.J., Vaughan, O.H., Jr., Brook, M., Vonnegut, B., and Orville, R.E. 1983. Observations of optical lightning emissions from above thunderstorms using U-2 aircraft. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 64: 120-3.
Christian, H.J., and Goodman, S. 1992. Global observations of lightning from space. In Proc. of the 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 316-321.
Christian, H.J., and Latham, J. 1998. Satellite measurements of global lightning. Q.J.R. Meteor. Soc. 124: 1771-3.
Christian, H.J., Mazur, V., Fisher, B.D., Ruhnke, L.H., Crouch, K., and Perala, R.P. 1989. The Atlas/Centaur lightning strike incident. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,169-77.
Cianos, N., Oetzel, G.N., and Pierce, E.T. 1972. A technique for accurately locating lightning at close ranges. J. Appl. Meteor. 11: 1120-7.
Cianos, N., Oetzel, G.N., and Pierce, E.T. 1973. Reply. J. Appl. Meteor. 12: 1421-3.
Clegg, R.J. 1971. A photoelectric detector of lightning. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 33: 1431-9.
Clifton, K.S., and Hill, C.K. 1980. Low-light-level television measurement of lightning. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 61: 987-92.
Cook, B., and Casper, P. 1992. U.S.A. national lightning data service. In Proc. 21st Int. Conf. on Lightning Portection, Berlin, Germany, pp. 351-356.
Cooray, V. 1986. Errors in direction finding due to nonvertical lightning channels: Effect of the finite ground conductivity. Radio Sci. 21: 857-62.
Cooray, V., and Orville, R.E. 1989. Loran-C timing errors caused by propagation over finitely conducting ground Radio Sci. 24: 179-82.
Crozier, C.L., Herscovitch, H.N., and Scott, J.W. 1988. Some observations and characteristics of lightning ground discharges in southern Ontario. Atmos.-Ocean 26(3): 399-436.
Cummins, K.L. 2000. Continental-scale detection of cloud-to-ground lightning. Trans. IEE Japan 120-B: 2-5.
Cummins, K.L., Burnett, R.O., Hiscox, W.L., and Pifer, A.E. 1993. Line reliability and fault analysis using the National Lightning Detection Network. Preprints. Precise Measurements in Power Systems Conference, Arlington, Virginia, II-4.1-15.
Cummins, K.L., Hiscox, W.L., Pifer, A.E., and Maier, M.W. 1992. Performance analysis of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. In Proc. of the 9th Int. Conf. on Atmospheric Electricity, St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 914-919.
Cummins, K.L., Krider, E.P., and Malone, M.D. 1998b. The U.S. National Lightning Detection NetworkTM and applications of cloud-to-ground lightning data by electric power utilities. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 40 (II): 465-80.
Cummins, K.L., Murphy, M.J. Bardo, E.A., Hiscox, W.L., Pyle, R.B., and Pifer, A.E. 1998a. A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 9035-44.
Curran, E.B., and Rust, W.D. 1992. Positive ground flashes produced by low-precipitation thunderstorms in Oklahoma on 26 April 1984. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120: 544-53.
Dalkir, Y.R., and Lee, M.C. 1993. Radar studies of lightning-induced plasmas with potential applications to radio communications and space surveillance. Radio Sci. 28: 1039-47.
Davis, M.H., Brook, M. Christian, H., Heikes, B.G., Orville, R.E., Park, C.G., Roble, R.G. and Vonnegut, B. 1983. Some scientific objectives of a satellite-borne lightning mapper. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 64: 114-9.
Davis, S.M. 1999. Properties of lightning discharges from multiple-station wideband electric field measurements. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Florida, Gainesville.
Dawson, G.A. 1972. Radar as a diagnostic tool for lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 77: 4518-28.
de la Rosa, F., and Velazquez, R. 1989. Review of ground flash density measuring devices regarding power system applications. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 4: 921-37.
Diendorfer, G., and Schulz, W. 1995. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Bestimmung von Blitzstromparametern mit Hilfe von Blitzortungssystemen. Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 112 (6): 279-83.
Diendorfer, G., and Schulz, W. 1998. Lightning incidence to elevated objects on mountains. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 173-175.
Diendorfer, G., Schulz, W., and Fuchs, F. 1998a. Comparison of correlated data from the Austrian lightning locating system and measured lightning currents at the Peissenberg tower. In Proc. 24th Int. Conf. Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, pp. 168-172.
Diendorfer, G., Schulz, W., and Rakov, V.A. 1998b. Lightning characteristics based on data from the Austrian lightning locating system. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 40 (II): 452-64.
Dodge, P.P., and Burpee, R.W. 1993. Characteristics of rainbands, radar echoes, and lightning near the North Carolina coast during GALE. Mon. Wea. Rev. 121: 1936-55.
Dotzek, N., Höller, H., Théry, C., and Fehr, T. 2001. Lightning evolution related to radar-derived microphysics in the 21 July 1998 EULINOX supercell storm. Atmos. Res. 56: 335-54.
Dubovoy, E.I., Mikhailov, M.S., Ogonkov, A.L., and Pryazhinsky, V.I. 1995. Measurement and numerical modeling of radio sounding reflection from a lightning channel. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 1497-502.
Edgar, B.C. 1978. Global lightning distribution at dawn and dusk for August-December, 1977 as observed by the DMSP lightning detector. Report SSL-78 (3639-02)-1, Aerospace Corporation Space Science Laboratory, Los Angeles, Calif.
Elsom, D.M., Meaden, G.T., Reynolds, D.J., Rowe, M.W., and Webb, J.D.C. 2001. Advances in tornado and storm research in the United Kingdom and Europe: the role of the Tornado and storm research organisation. Atmos. Res. 56: 19-29.
Engholm, C.D. 1988. Positive lightning and bipolar lightning patterns: Observational characteristics. Master of Science Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 214 p.
Engholm, C.D., Williams, E.R., and Dole, R.M. 1990. Meteorological and electrical conditions associated with positive cloud-to-ground lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev. 118: 470-87.
Frisius, J., Heydt, G., and Harth, W. 1970. Observations of parameters characterizing the VLF atmospherics activity as functions of the azimuth. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 32: 1403-22.
Füllekrug, M., and Constable, S. 2000. Global triangulation of intense lightning discharges. Geophys. Res. Lett. 27: 333-6.
Füllekrug, M., Constable, S., Heinson, G., Sato, M., Takahashi, Y., Price, C., and Willaims, E. 2000. Global lightning acquisition system installed, Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un. 81: 333, 343.
Füllekrug, M., and Sukhorukov, A.I. 1999. The contribution of anisotropic conductivity in the ionosphere to lightning flash bearing deviations in the ELF/ULF range. Geophys. Res. Lett. 26: 1109-12.
Galperin, S.M., and Stepanenko, W.D. 1968. Effectiveness of thunderstorm detection by radar and thunderstorm bearing indicator. In Proc. of 13th Radar Meteorology Conf., pp. 552-556, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Massachusetts.
Gething, P.J.D. 1978. Radio Direction Finding and the Resolution of Multicomponent Wave-Fields. 329 p., London: Peter Pergrinus LTD.
Goodman, S.J., Buechler, D.E., and Meyer, P.J. 1988. Convective tendency images derived from a combination of lightning and satellite data. Wea. Forecast. 3: 173-88.
Goodman, S.J., Buechler, D.E., Wright, P.D., and Rust, W.D. 1988. Lightning and precipitation history of a microburst-producing storm. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15: 1185-8.
Goodman, S.J., Christian, H.J., and Rust, W.D. 1988. A comparison of the optical pulse characteristics of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning as observed above clouds. J. Appl. Meteor. 27: 1369-81.
Goodman, S.J., and MacGorman, D.R. 1986. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in mesoscale convective complexes. Mon. Wea. Rev. 114: 2320-8.
Graham, B.L., Holle, R.L., and Lopez, R.E. 1997. Lightning detection and data use in the United States. Fire Management Notes 57: 4-9.
Grandt, C. 1992. Thunderstorm monitoring in South Africa and Europe by means of very low frequency sferics. J. Geophys. Res. 97: 18,215-26.
Griffiths, R.F., and Vonnegut, B. 1975. Tape recorder photocell instrument for detection and recording lightning strokes. Weather 30: 254-7.
Guillo, P.Y. 1985. Study of lightning parameters using advanced analytical and statistical tools, Thesis, M.A. Sc., University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Hager, W.W. and Wang, D. 1995. An analysis of errors in the location, current, and velocity of lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 100: 25,721-9.
Hamelin, J. 1993. Sources of natural noise. In Electromagnetic Compatibility, eds. P. Degauque and J. Hamelin, 652 p., New York: Oxford.
Harth, W. 1982. Theory of low frequency wave propagation. In Handbook of Atmospherics, vol II, ed. H. Volland, pp. 133-202, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Harth, W., Hoffmann, C.A., Falcoz, H., and Heydt, G. 1978. Atmospherics measurements in San Miguel, Argentina. J. Geophys. Res. 83: 6231-7.
Harth, W., and Pelz, J. 1973. Eastern thunderstorms located by VLF atmospherics parameters. Radio Sci. 8: 117-22.
Hayakawa, M., Ohta, K., Shimakura, S., and Baba, K. 1995. Recent findings on VLF/ELF sferics. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 57: 467-77.
Hayenga, C.O. 1979. Positions and movement of VHF lightning sources determined with microsecond resolution by interferometry. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder.
Hayenga, C.O. 1984. Characteristics of lightning VHF radiation near the time of return strokes. J. Geophys. Res. 89: 1403-10.
Hayenga, C.O., and Warwick, J.W. 1981. Two-dimensional interferometric positions of VHF lightning sources. J. Geophys. Res. 86: 7451-62.
Herodotou, N. 1990. Study of peak currents due to lightning in Ontario using an LLP system. Thesis, Master of Applied Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 215 p.
Herodotou, N., Chisholm, W.A., and Janischewskyj, W. 1993. Distribution of lightning peak stroke currents in Ontario using an LLP system. IEEE Trans. Pow. Del. 8: 1331-9.
Herrman, B.D., Uman, M.A., Brantley, R.D., and Krider, E.P. 1976. Tests of the principle of operation of a wideband magnetic direction finder for lightning return strokes. J. Appl. Meteor. 15: 402-5.
Hewitt, F.J. 1953. The study of lightning streamers with 50 cm radar. Proc. Phys. Soc. London, B, 66: 895-7.
Hewitt, F.J. 1957. Radar echoes from interstroke processes in lightning. Proc. Phys. Soc. London, B, 70: 961-79.
Heydt, G. 1974. Observation of thunderstorm activity at close range by means of VLF radio meteorology. Kleinheubacher Berichte 17: 433-41.
Heydt, G. 1982. Instrumentation. In Handbook of Atmospherics, vol. II, ed. H. Volland, pp. 203-56, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Heydt, G., and Volland, H. 1964. A new method for locating thunderstorms and counting their lightning discharges from a single observing station. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 26: 780-2.
Hiscox, W.L., Krider, E.P., Pifer, A.E., and Uman, M.A. 1984. A systematic method for identifying and correcting 'site errors' in a network of magnetic direction finders. Preprints, Int. Aerospace and Ground Conf. on Lightning and Static Electricity, Orlando, Florida, National Interagency Coordination Group, pp. 7-1–7-5.
Hoblitt, R.P. 1994. An experiment to detect and locate lightning associated with eruptions of Redoubt volcano. J. Volcan. Geoth. Res. 62: 499-517. Hohl, R., and Schiesser, H.-H., 2001. Cloud-to-ground lightning activity in relation to the radar-derived hail kinetic energy in Switzerland. Atmos. Res. 56: 375-96.
Hojo, J., Ishii, M., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, F., Komuro, H., and Shiogama, M. 1988. Characteristics and evaluation of lightning field waveforms. Electrical Engineering in Japan, 108: 55-65 (Translated from Denki Gakkai Ronbunshi, 1988, 108B: 165-72).
Hojo, J., Ishii, M., Kawamura, T., Suzuki, F., Komuro, H., and Shiogama, M. 1989. Seasonal variation of cloud-to-ground lightning flash characteristics in the coastal area of the Sea of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,207-12.
Holden, D.N., Munson, C.P., and Devenport, J.C. 1995. Satellite observations of transionospheric pulse pairs. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22: 889-92.
Holle, R.L., and Lopez, R.E. 1993. Overview of real-time lightning detection systems and their meteorological uses. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL NSSL-102, 68 p.
Holle, R.L., Watson, A.I., Lopez, R.E., MacGorman, D.R., Ortiz, R., and Otto, W.D. 1994. The life cycle of lightning and sever weather in a 3-4 June 1985 PRE-STORM mesoscale convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122: 1798-808.
Holmes, C.R., Szymanski, E.W., Szymanski, S.J., and Moore, C.B. 1980. Radar and acoustic study of lightning. J. Geophys. Res. 85: 7517-32.
Hondl, K.D., and Eilts, M.D. 1994. Doppler radar signatures of developing thunderstorms and their potential to indicate the onset of cloud-to-ground lightning. Mon. Wea. Rev. 122: 1818-36.
Honma, N., Suzuki, F., Miyake, Y., Ishii, M., and Hidayat, S. 1998. Propagation effect on field waveforms in relation to time-of-arrival technique in lightning location. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 14,141-5.
Horner, F. 1953. Radio direction finding: Influence of buried conductors on bearings. Wireless Engineer 30: 187-91.
Horner, F. 1954. The accuracy of the location sources of atmospherics by radio direction finding. Proc. IEEE 101: 383-90.
Horner, F. 1957. Very-low-frequency propagation and direction finding. Proc. IEEE 101B: 73-80.
Huffines, G.R., and Orville, R.E. 1999. Lightning ground flash density and thunderstorm duration in the continental United States: 1989-96. J. Appl. Meteor. 38: 1013-9.
Hunter, S.M., Schuur, T.J., Marshall, T.C., and Rust, W.D. 1992. Electric and kinematic structure of the Oklahoma mesoscale convective system of 7 June 1989. Mon. Wea. Rev. 120: 2226-39.
Idone, V.P., Davis, D.A., Moore, P.K., Wang, Y., Henderson, R.W., Ries, M., and Jamason, P.F. 1998a. Performance evaluation of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network in eastern New York, 1. Detection efficiency. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 9045-55.
Idone, V.P., Davis, D.A., Moore, P.K., Wang, Y., Henderson, R.W., Ries, M., and Jamason, P.F. 1998b. Performance evaluation of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network in eastern New York, 2. Location accuracy. J. Geophys. Res. 103: 9057-69.
Idone, V.P., and Orville, R.E. 1990. Notes and correspondence - delimiting “thunderstorm watch” periods by real-time lightning location for a power utility company. Wea. Forecast. 5: 139-47.
Idone, V.P., Orville, R.E., and Henderson, R.W. 1984. Ground truth: a positive cloud-to-ground lightning flash, J. Clim. Appl. Meteor. 23: 1148-51.
Idone, V.P., Saljoughy, A.B. Henderson, R.W., Moore, P.K., and Pyle, R.B. 1993. A reexamination of the peak current calibration of the National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res. 98: 18,323-32.
Inan, U.S., Burgess, W.C., Wolf, T.G., Shater, D.C., and Orville, R.E. 1988. Lightning-associated precipitation of MeV electrons from the inner radiation belt. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15: 172-5.
Inkov, B.K. 1973. Phase Methods for the Determination of the Distance to Thunderstorms. 127 p., Leningrad, Russia: Gidrometeoizdat.
Ishii, M., and Hojo, J-I. 1989. Statistics on fine structure of cloud-to-ground lightning field waveforms. J. Geophys. Res. 94: 13,267-74.
Ishii, M., Yamanoto, T., Sawada, J., Hojo, J.-I., Zaima, E.-I., and Fukiyama, N. 1991. On the distribution of lightning current amplitude observed by LPATS. In Proc. of the 1991 Annual Conf. of Power and Energy Society, IEE of Japan, Fukuoka, Japan, pp. 325-326.
Israelsson, S. Schutte, T., Pisler, E., and Lundquist, S.1987. Increased occurrence of lightning flashes in Sweden during 1986. J. Geophys. Res. 92: 10,996-8.
Ito, Y., and Goto, M. 1957. Radio Direction Finder. Tokyo, Japan: Corona-Sha.
Iwai, A, Kashiwagi, M., Nishino, M., and Sato, M. 1979. Triangulation direction finding network for fixing the sources of atmospherics. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos. Nagoya Univ., Japan 26: 1-16.
Iwai, A., Kashiwagi, M., Nishino, M., Katoh, Y., and Kengpol, A. 1982. On the accuracy of direction finding methods for atmospheric sources in South-East Asia. Proc. Res. Inst. Atmos. Nagoya Univ., Japan 29: 35-46.
Jacobson, A.R., Cummins, K.L., Carter, M., Klingner, P., Roussel-Dupré, D., and Knox, S.O. 2000. FORTE radio-frequency observations of lightning strokes detected by the National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res. 105: 15,653-62.
Jacobson, A.R., Knox, S.O., Franz, R., and Enemark, D.C. 1999. FORTE observations of lightning radio-frequency signatures: Capabilities and basic results. Radio Sci. 34: 337-54.