RAJIVGANDHIUNIVERSITYOFHEALTHSCIENCES,KARNATAKA,BANGALORE

ANNEXURE–II

PROFORMAFORREGISTRATIONOFSUBJECTSFORDISSERTATION

Nameofthecandidateandaddress
(inblockletters) / LIJUJAMES
IYEARM.Sc.NURSING
LAXMIMEMORIALCOLLEGEOFNURSING
BALMATTA
MANGALORE
NameoftheInstitution / LAXMIMEMORIALCOLLEGEOFNURSING
BALMATTA
MANGALORE
CourseofStudyandSubject / M.Sc.NURSING
PSYCHIATRICNURSING
DateofAdmissiontothecourse / 12.06.2012
TitleoftheTopic
ASTUDY TOASSESSTHEIMPACTOFMULTIMEDIAUSAGEONBEHAVIOURALPATTERNSOFTHEPRE-UNIVERSITYCOLLEGESTUDENTSINSELECTEDCOLLEGESATMANGALORE
Briefresumeoftheintendedwork
6.1Needforthestudy
Collegestudentsaremostvulnerablegroupwhoareintheadolescentperiod.Adolescenceisacrucialperiodinaperson’slifespan.WorldHealthorganization(WHO)definesadolescencebothintermsofage(spanningtheagesbetween10and19years)andintermsofaphaseoflifemarkedbyspecialattributes.Duetotheexperimentationnatureandassociatedfeaturesexhibitedbytheadolescents,theyoftenexplorethethingstheydon’tknow.Weliveintheworldofsophisticatedtechnologyandutmostindependency;itistruethateachonehasanaptitudetoexplorethenewerinnovations.Thustheadolescentsshowakeeninterestinexploringwhattheydon’tknow.
Themediahavegotgoodandbadeffects.Impactofmassmediaonadolescentsisparticularlyvulnerablebecausethisistheagewhentheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenegativeaspectofeverything.TheTelevisionandinternetaremajortechnologicalinventionsofthetwentiethcenturythathavedrawnmostoftheworld’spopulationintotheirmagicalweb.Theinfluenceofmediacancreatevariousconsequencessuchasfailuretofulfilroleobligationsatschoolandathome,impairmentofsocialrelationships,andindiscipline.Itleadstoviolence,behaviourchange,andincreasedchanceofsubstanceabuse.
Multimediainvolvestheintegrationoftext,graphics,audioand/orvideointoacomputerbasedenvironment.Multimediaismorethanoneconcurrentpresentationmedium(forexample,CD-ROMorawebsite).Multimediatendstoimplysophistication(andrelativelymoreexpensive)inbothproductionandpresentationthansimpletextandimages.1Multimediatodayincludemanydifferentforms.Multimediaincludeeverythingthatisnowusedonadeviceorcomputer:E-readers,smartphones,computers,laptops,CDs,DVDs,MP3playeretc.Multimediatechnologiesarefurtherclassifiedbytheirevolutioninthedigitalworld.Web1.0typicallyreferstotheinternetsitesusingearliestwebbasedtechnologies,whereas2.0sitesreferstositesthatarethenewestandareusingthemostsocialtools,likeFacebook,Orkut,Youtubeetc.Facebookoriginatedin
2004asaHarvardUniversityWebsiteforstudentsofthatuniversitytoconnectandcommunicate.Itisalsocurrentlythemostpopularsocialnetworksiteamongadolescents.2
Behaviouralpatternisarecurrentwayofactingbyanindividualorgrouptowardsagivenobjectorinagivensituation.AccordingtoICD-10,therearefoursubtypesofconductdisorder.Conductdisorderconfinedtothefamilycontext,unsocialisedconductdisorder,oppositionaldefiantdisorder.Thecharacteristicsarefrequentlying,stealingorrobbery,runningawayfromthehomeandschool,physicalviolencesuchasrape,useofweaponsetc.3
ThemostrecentestimatesofthesurveyconductedbyNationalAnnenbergRiskSurveyofYouthattheUniversityofPennsylvania,whichtrackedgamblingamongyouthaged14to22since2003showedapproximately8,50,000malesaged18to22wereaddictedtogamblingontheinternet.Weeklyuseofinternetgamblingsitesincreasedfrom2.3percentin2006to5.8percentuntiltheyear2008.Thesurveyresultsalsorevealedthatinternetgamblersweremorelikelytosufferfromhealthandemotionalproblemssuchassubstanceabuse,depressionandriskysexualbehaviours.4
Oneofthenotablechangesinoursocialenvironmentinthe21stcenturyhasbeenthesaturationofourcultureanddailylivesbythemassmedia.Unfortunately,theconsequencesofoneparticularcommonelementoftheelectronicmassmediahaveaparticularlydetrimentaleffectonchildren’swellbeing.Itisnownotjustkidsinbadneighbourhoodsorwith“bad“friendswhoarelikelytobeexposedtobadthingswhentheygooutonthestreet.5
AccordingtoIndianMarketResearchBureauReport,around54percentoftheyouthsintheagegroupof18to35yearsareactiveinternetusersand14percentofschoolgoingchildrenfallinthesamecategory.However,onepercentstatedthatcybercafesarestillseenasconvenientoutlets,especiallyforschoolchildren,whicharecheapandofferprivacy.Schoolstudentsspenteighttotenhoursaweekingamingonthecomputerandbecomeaddictiveasitallowstheplayertoexertacertainlevelofcontrolandsenseofsatisfaction.6
Theinternetaddictiondisorder(IAD)isnotrecognizedbythediagnosticandstatisticalmanualofmentaldisorders,butisbeingconsideredforthenexteditionat2013.IADisoftendividedintoseveralcategories:gaming,socialnetworking,cyber-sexual/pornography,shopping,gambling,sedentarybrowsingforlonghours,etc.Itwillbeworthwhileifattemptsaretakentogiveawarenessaboutcomputeraddiction,especiallyinanIndiancontext.Ouryoungergenerationshouldbegivenproperdirectiontowardsbettercharacterformationandabetterlivinginthepresentworld.Thisstudywillgiveabird’seyeviewofthepatternofcomputerexposureanditsinfluenceonselectedbehavioursamongadolescents.Ifoneseemstobeacomputeraddictitishightimefortheindividualtoconsultapsychiatrist.
A17-yearlongitudinalstudyconcludedthatteenswhowatchedmorethanonehouroftelevisionadaywerealmostfourtimesaslikelyasotherteenstocommitaggressiveactsinadulthood(22percentversus6percent),takingintoaccountprioraggressiveness,psychiatricdisorders,familyincome,childhoodneglectandneighbourhoodviolence.Itleadsotherhealthhazardssuchasobesity,depressionandanxiety.7
ManyofthemajorcausesofmorbidityandmortalityinUSadolescentsarerelatedtoriskyhealthbehaviours,suchasviolence,sexualactivity,andsubstanceabuse.BecausesocialnetworksuchasFacebook,Orkut,Youtubeetcgiveadolescentstheopportunitytopostinformationabouttheirpersonlives,suchaslikes,dislikes,andactivities,theyalsopresentanopportunityforadolescentstodisplaytextandpictureformat.Thesedisplaysarenotuncommon;previousresearchhasshownthatapproximatelyhalfofalladolescents’socialnetworkprofilescontainreferencetoriskyhealthbehaviours.Astudyofolderadolescentsonmyspacefoundthat41%ofsocialnetworkprofilesreferencedsubstanceuse,24%referencedsex,and14%referencedviolentbehaviour.8
TheinvestigatorwasmotivatedtoconductthisstudyastherisingtrendintheuseofmultimediaespeciallyhighlightingthesocialnetworkssuchasFacebook,Orkut,etchasleadtoasituationwhereinadolescentsstarted
becomingisolatedawayfromsociallybeingcommittedanddoesnotseemtopursuitacommitmenttowardsrelationship.Theinvestigatorhasalsocomeacrossmanysuchexperiencesinthecollegecampuswherehehasdiscoveredaprogressiveincreaseintheuseofmultimediabystudents.
6.2Reviewofliterature
Across-sectionalstudywasconductedonprevalenceandcorrelatesofvideogameplayingamongchildrenintheIslamicRepublicofIran.Thisstudywasperformedwitharandomsampleof444adolescentsrecruitedfromeightmiddleschools.Aself-administered,anonymousquestionnairecoveredsocio-demographics,videogamingbehaviours,mentalhealthstatus,self-reportedaggressivebehaviours,andperceivedsideeffectsofvideogameplaying.Overall,participantsspentanaverageof6.3hoursperweekplayingvideogames.Moreover,47%ofparticipantsreportedthattheyhadplayedoneormoreintenselyviolentgames.Non-gamersreportedsufferingpoorermentalhealthcomparedtoexcessivegamers.Bothnon-gamersandexcessivegamersoverallreportedsufferingpoorermentalhealthcomparedtolowormoderateplayers.Participantswhoinitiatedgamingatyoungeragesweremorelikelytoscorepoorerinmentalhealthmeasures.Participants'self-reportedaggressivebehaviourswereassociatedwithlengthofgaming.Boys,butnotgirls,whoreportedplayingvideogamesexcessivelyshowedmoreaggressivebehaviours.Amultiplebinarylogisticregressionshowsthatwhencontrollingforothervariables,olderstudents,thosewhoperceivedlessserioussideeffectsofvideogaming,andthosewhohavepersonalcomputers,weremorelikelytoreportthattheyhadplayedvideogamesexcessively.Ourdatashowacurvilinearrelationshipbetweenvideogameplayingandmentalhealthoutcomes,with"moderate"gamersfaringbestand"excessive"gamersshowingmildincreasesinproblematicbehaviours.Interestingly,"non-gamers"clearlyshowtheworstoutcomes.Therefore,educationalinterventionsshouldalsobedesignedtoeducateadolescentsandtheirparentsofthepossibleharmfulimpactofexcessivevideogameplayingontheirhealthandpsychosocialfunctioning.9
AcrosssectionalstudywasconductedontheimpactofmobilephoneuseonvariousdimensionsofstudentsinMangalore.Thesampleswere500studentsstudyingforvariouscourses(MBBS,BPT,MLT,B.Sc.NursingandGNM).Thesampleswereselectedusingproportionatestratifiedrandomsamplingmethod.Aselfadministeredimpactscalewasusedfordatacollection.Thefindingsofthestudyshowedthatstudentshavemorenegativeimpacts(52.22%)thanpositiveimpacts(47.78%).10
Acohortstudyonsedentarybehaviourinadolescentsassociatedwithmediaexposuretoestimatetheprevalenceofsedentarybehaviourandinvestigateassociatedfactorsinadolescents.Sedentarybehaviourwasinvestigatedwithaquestionnaire,andwasdefinedasspendingmorethantwohoursperdaywatchingtelevision,playingvideogames,orusingthecomputer.Ofthe4,452adolescentsinterviewed,98%reportedwatchingtelevision,44%playingvideogames,and22%usingthecomputer.Theaveragetimespentoneachoftheseelectronicmediawas197,36,and17minutesperday,respectively.Prevalenceofsedentarybehaviourwas79.7%(95%CI:78.6;80.9)andshowedapositiveassociationwithsocioeconomiclevelandnutritionalstatusandanegativeassociationwithwell-being.These11-year-oldsspentextensivetimeatTVviewing,videogames,andthecomputer.Specialattentionneedsbegiventothemostexposedgroupsofadolescents,includingthemoreaffluent,overweight,andthosewithlimitedschooling.11
AdescriptivestudywasconductedtoassesstheinfluenceofmassmediaonbehaviouralchangesamongadolescentsasperceivedbytheirparentsinaselectedschoolatMangalore.Thesamplecomprisedof150parentswereselectedrandomly.Thedatawascollectedbyusingmodifiedbehaviourchangeratingscale.Thestudyresultsshowsthatmajorityofadolescents(25%)whoareaddictedtoTVtheyhadbehaviouralchangesmoderatelyandothersmobilephones7%,internetuse2%werehadmildbehaviourchanges.Thestudyconcludesthatthemassmediaasagreatinfluenceonbehaviouralchangesofadolescents.12
Astudyconductedtoexaminethecausalrelationshipbetweenplayingviolentvideogamesandincreasesinaggressivenessbyusingimplicitmeasuresofaggressiveness,whichhavebecomeimportantforaccuratelypredictingimpulsivebehaviouraltendencieson96adultsrandomlyassignedtoplayoneofthreeversionsofacomputergamethatdifferedonlywithregardtogamecontent(violent,peaceful,orabstractgame),ortoworkonareadingtask.Inthegamestheenvironmentalcontext,mousegestures,andphysiologicalarousal-asindicatedbyheartrateandskinconductance-werekeptconstant.Intheviolentgamesoldiershadtobeshot,inthepeacefulgamesunflowershadtobewatered,andtheabstractgamesimplyrequiredclickingcoloredtriangles.Theresultshowedplayingaviolentgameproducedsignificantincreaseinimplicitaggressiveself-conceptrelativetoplayingapeacefulgame.Thewell-controlledstudyclosesagapintheresearchonthecausalityofthelinkbetweenviolenceexposureincomputergamesandaggressivenesswithspecificregardtoimplicitmeasures.13
Across-sectionalsurveywasconductedonsleeppatterns,electronicmediaexposureanddaytimesleep-relatedbehavioursamongadolescentstoassessweekdayandweekendsleeppatternsandtheirrelationshipswithelectronicmedia(televisionandcomputer)exposureandwithdaytimesleep-relatedbehaviours,includingsleepproblembehaviours,sleepinessandfatigueinIsraeliadolescents.Thesurveyincludedfourhundredandseventy,8thand9thgrademiddleschoolstudents(meanage14±0.8)inthenormativeschoolsystem,wasperformed.StudentscompletedthemodifiedSchoolSleepHabitsSurvey(SSHS),andthemodifiedElectronicMediaandFatigueQuestionnaire(EMFQ).Adolescentswenttobedat23:00and01:45hours,andslept<7.5andnearly10.0honaverage,duringweekdaysandweekendsrespectively.Averageelectronicmediaexposureperdaywasabout3hourfortelevisionand2.5hforinternet.Increasedelectronicmediaexposureandpoordaytimesleep-relatedbehaviourspredictedlaterbedtime,longersleeplatencyduringweekdaysandlaterwake-uptimeduringweekends.PoorsleeppatternsinIsraeliadolescentsarerelatedtoexcessiveelectronicmediahabitsanddaytimesleep-relatedproblems.Thesefindingsraiseapublichealthconcernregardinglifestyleandfunctioninginyoungindividuals.14
6.3Statementoftheproblem
Astudytoassesstheimpactofmultimediausageonbehaviouralpatternsofthepre-universitycollegestudentsinselectedcollegesatMangalore.
6.4Objectivesofthestudy
  1. Todeterminetheimpactofmultimediausageonbehaviouralpatternsofpre-universitycollegestudents.
  2. Tofindtheassociationbetweentheimpactofmultimediausagebythestudentsandselecteddemographicvariables.

6.5Operationalvariables
Impact:Thepowerfuleffectthathasactoneobjectorsituation.17
Inthisstudy,impactreferstotheinfluenceofmultimediausageonthebehaviouralpatternsofthecollegestudentsasmeasuredbybehaviouralratingscale.
Multimedia:Multimediainvolvestheintegrationtext,graphics,audio,and/orvideointoacomputerbasedenvironment.1
Inthisstudy,multimediareferstothehighlysophisticateddevicesusedinmultipleformsbythecollegestudentsnamelycellphones,television,computer(internet,Facebookandothersocialnetworkings,pornography,gaming,gamblingetc),iPadsandtablets.
Behaviouralpatterns:Behaviouralpatternisarecurrentwayofactingbyanindividualorgrouptowardsagivenobjectorinagivensituation.3
Inthisstudy,behaviouralpatternsreferstotheresponseofcollegestudentsinfluencedbymultimediausagesuchasaggressivebehaviour,pooracademicperformance,reducedinteresttogotocollege,substanceabuse,andinvolvinginantisocialactivities.
Collegestudents:ItreferstothemaleandfemalestudentsofselectedcollegesinMangalore,enrolledforapre-universityprogramhavingscience,artsorcommerceasthemainstreamofstudy.
6.6Assumptions
Thestudyassumesthat:
  1. Majorityofthecollegestudentsusemultimediaregularly.
  2. Multimediausagecaninfluenceonbehaviouralpatternsofthecollegestudents.
  3. Collegestudentsalsoknowtheproblemsrelatedtomisuseofmultimedia.

6.7Delimitations
Thestudyisdelimitedto:
  • Thepre-universitycollegestudentsofselectedcollegesinMangalore.
  • Pre-universitycollegeshavingScienceorArtsorCommerceasamainstreamofstudy.
  • Studentswhoarewillingtoparticipateinthestudy.

6.8Hypotheses
Thehypotheseswillbetestedat0.05level
H1:Therewillbeasignificantassociationofimpactofmultimediausagewithselecteddemographicvariables.
7. / MaterialandMethods
7.1Sourceofdata
Thedatawillbecollectedfromthepre-universitycollegestudentsofselectedcollegesatMangalore.
7.1.1Researchdesign
Descriptiveresearchdesign.
7.1.2Setting
ThisstudywillbeconductedinselectedpreuniversitycollegesatMangalore.
7.1.3Population
Thepopulationcomprisedoffirstandsecondyearstudentsofpre-universitycollegeofMangalore,whohavetakenArts,Science,orCommerceasthemainstreamofstudy.
7.2Methodofdatacollection
7.2.1Samplingprocedure
Multistagestratifiedrandomsamplingtechniquewillbeusedtoselectthesample.
7.2.2Samplesize
Inthisstudy120pre-universitycollegestudentsintheselectedpreuniversitycollegesofMangalorewhofulfilsthesamplingcriteriawillbeselectedassample.
7.2.3Inclusioncriteriaforsampling
  • Pre-universitycollegestudentswhoareusetomultimedia.
  • Whoarewillingtoparticipateinstudy.
  • Whoareavailableatthetimeofdatacollection.
  • WhoarestudyinginfirstyearandsecondyearPUC.

7.2.4Exclusioncriteriaforsampling.
  • Thepre-universitystudentswhodonotusemultimedia.
  • Thestudentswhoarenotwillingtoparticipateinthestudy.

` / 7.2.5Instrumentsintendedtobeused
  • DemographicProforma
  • Surveyquestionnairetoscreenthestudentswhoareusetomultimedia
  • Behaviouralratingscaleonimpactofmultimediausageamongcollegestudents

7.2.6Datacollectionmethod
  • Writtenpermissionwillbeobtainedfromconcernedauthority
  • Subjectswillbeselectedaccordingtotheselectioncriteriaandconfidentialitywillbeassured.
  • Writtenconsentwillbeobtainedfromsubject.
  • Investigatorwillbeadministeringthetooltopre-universitycollegestudentstogatherthedata.

7.2.7Planfordataanalysis
Thegathereddatawillbeanalysedusingdescriptiveandinferentialstatisticsandpresentedintheformsoftablesandgraphsetc.
7.3Doesthestudyrequireanyinvestigationsorinterventionstobeconductedonpatientsorotherhumansoranimals?Ifso,pleasedescribebriefly.
No.
7.4Hasethicalclearancebeenobtainedfromyourinstitutionincaseofabovestatement?
Yes,Ethicalclearancehasbeenobtained.
8. / Bibliography
  1. Multimediafacts.[online].Availablefrom:URL:
  2. Multimediadefinition.[online].Availablefrom:URL:http:/searchosa.techtarget.com/definition/multimedia
  3. AhujaN.Ashorttextbookofpsychiatry.6thed.NewDelhiJaypeePublishers;2011.
  4. CentreforInternetAddictionRecovery.Theriseinteenonlinegambling.Medline2007Feb.[online].Availablefrom:URL:
  5. RayM,JatAR.Effectofelectronicmediaonchildren.IndianPaediatrics2010;47:561.
  6. AnsariH.Thewebofaddiction.Innovatingforhealthcare.IMRBReport;2008.[online].Availablefrom:URL:http//
  7. JohnsonJ.Televisionviewingandaggressivebehaviourduringadolescenceandadulthood.JournalofAbnormalandSocialPsychology2002Mar;2468-72.
  8. Moreno.Socialnetworkingsitesandadolescenthealth.JournalofAdolescentHealth2012;(59):601-12.
  9. AllahverdipourH,BazarganM,FarhadinasabA,MoeiniB.CorrelatesofvideogamesplayingamongadolescentsinanIslamiccountry.BMCPublicHealth2010;10(286):1186/1471-2458-286.
  10. OommenSK.AStudytoassesstheimpactofmobilephoneuseonvariousdimensionsofstudent’slifeinaselectedinstitution.Mangalore:UnpublishedmasterthesissubmittedtoRajivGandhiUniversityofHealthSciences,Bangalore.

  1. DumithSC,HallalPC,MenezesAMB,AraújoCL.Sedentarybehaviourinadolescentsassociatedwithmediaexposure.[online].Availablefrom:URL:
  2. RoseAK.AdescriptivestudytoassesstheknowledgeonproblemsrelatedtocellphonemisuseamongadolescentsinselectedcollegesofMangalore:UnpublishedmasterthesissubmittedtoRajivGandhiUniversityofHealthSciences,Bangalore.
  3. BluemkeM,FriedrichM,ZumbachJ.Theinfluenceofviolentandnonviolentcomputergamesonimplicitmeasuresofaggressiveness.AggressBehav2010;36(1):1-13.
  4. ShochatT,Flint-BretlerO,TzischinskyO.Sleeppatterns,electronicmediaexposureanddaytimesleep-relatedbehavioursamongIsraeliadolescents.ActaPædiatrica2010Sep;9(99):1396-1400(5).

9. / Signature of the candidate
10. / Remarks of the guide
Name and designation of (in block letters)
11. / 11.1 Guide / MR. SHIVAKUMARA. J
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR.
DEPT. OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING.
LAXMI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF NURSING, MANGALORE
11.2Signature
11.3 Co-guide (if any) / MRS. THEREZA MATHIAS
PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING.
LAXMI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF NURSING, MANGALORE
11.4 Signature
12. / 12.1Head of the department / MRS. THEREZA MATHIAS
PROFESSOR. & HOD
DEPT. OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING.
LAXMI MEMORIAL COLLEGE OF NURSING, MANGALORE
12.2 Signature
13. / 13.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal
13.2 Signature

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