RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
ANNEXURE – II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1. / Name of the candidate and address (in block letters) / RANJU V.I YEAR M. Sc. NURSING
YENEPOYA NURSING COLLEGE
DERALAKATTE
MANGALORE – 575 018.
2. / Name of the Institution / YENEPOYA NURSING COLLEGE
DERALAKATTE
MANGALORE – 575 018.
3. / Course of Study and Subject / M. Sc. NURSING
PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
4. / Date of Admission to the Course / 23.7.2008
5. / Title of the study
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE OF “CHILD ABUSE AND ITS PREVENTION” AMONG MOTHERS OF SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN A SELECTED COMMUNITY, MANGALORE
6. / Brief resume of the intended work
6.1 The need for the study
Children are dependent on adults for safety and ongoing nurturing which puts them at risk of maltreatment in many forms.1 The effect of maltreatment is often infinitely deep and longlasting.2
Child abuse or maltreatment constitutes all forms of physical and/or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child’s health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power.3
A report by Ministry of Women and Child Development stated that the children of 5-12 age group reported the higher level of abuse compared to other age groups. More than 70% of the affected children never reported the matter to anyone. In most cases parents were the abusers.4
Prevention efforts must stop the problem itself or manifestation of the problem.4 In the Indian society the mother plays a significant role in upbringing the child. If mothers are having knowledge regarding child abuse she can detect the signs of child abuse and can prevent the occurrence of child abuse by educating the child. Keeping this in view the researcher justified the need to improve mother’s knowledge by developing a planned teaching programme on “child abuse and its prevention”.
6.2 Review of literature
A study was conducted on prevalence and dynamics of child sexual abuse among school-aged children in Chennai in 2005. The target group included all children studying in standard 11 of 24 schools within the Chennai Corporation zone limits. Total number of participants was 2,211 children of which 847 were boys while 1364 were girls. Primary data was collected from the children using self-reporting anonymous questionnaire. The results showed out of 2,211 child participants, 939 (42%) had faced sexual abuse in one from or the other. Among the respondents, 48% boys and 39% girls faced sexual abuse. The prevalence of sexual abuse in upper and middle class was found to be proportionately higher than in that lower or lower-middle class. Sexual abuse was found to be prevalent in both joint and
nuclear families. Majority of the abusers were people known to the child. Sexual harassment in public places and exhibitionism was higher by strangers. Sexual abuse of children was very often a pre-planned insidious abuse of a relationship by an abuser over the child. 5
A prospective study was conducted in the state of Victoria (2003) to examine the impact of child sexual abuse on mental health. This study included of 1612 children (1327 females, 285 males), in the age group of 16 years and younger, who had been sexually abused. The method used was a diagnostic hierarchy to specify a single diagnosis for cases. For all analyses the significance level was set at P=0.05. This study showed that there was a clear association between child sexual abuse and disturbances of mental health in childhood. Both male and female victims of abuse had significantly higher rates of psychiatric treatment during the study period than general population controls (12.4% vs. 3.6%). Rates were higher for childhood mental disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders and major affective disorders, but not for schizophrenia. Male victims were significantly more likely to have had treatment than females (22.8% v.10.2%). 6
A cross-sectional study was conducted on risk factors for emotional abuse. Anonymous self-administered questionnaire was given to 865 adolescents randomly sampled from three junior schools in Harbin city. A total 844 valid questionnaires were received. Risk factors were studied by multivariate non-conditional regression analysis. It revealed that 47.3% of the 844 respondents suffered from emotional abuse. Monovariate regression analysis showed that emotional abuse was related to 19 factors, including children’s health status, parental marital status, parental education level, family rearing patterns, family atmosphere and so on. Multivariate regression analysis showed poor children (OR=1.768, P=0.004) and unjustifiable family rearing patterns (OR=3.004, P=0.006) and assentation (OR=5.430, P=0.032). The harmonious family atmosphere and the harmonious relation between children and their parents were protective factors for emotional abuse.7
A study titled “Child abuse and neglect: Mothers’ behaviour and perceptions” in which mothers' behaviour relating to child maltreatment, their perceptions of such behaviour and its correlates to parents' characteristics and family background were investigated. Women with at least one child under 18 years were targeted. The modified cluster sample
survey of World Health Organization was adopted to select eligible women. Accordingly, 210 women were selected. The women enrolled were given an interview questionnaire. A high proportion of mothers reported maltreatment behaviour that constituted emotional (69.0%) and physical (57.1%) abuse as well as neglecting the child's safety (43.8%), education (46.1%) and medical care (53.3%). Mothers tended to perceive neglectful behaviour rather than abusive behaviour as child maltreatment. Child maltreatment was significantly associated with parents' level of education, father's occupation, mother's working status, financial problems, mother's age at the birth of the first child, number of offspring, crowding index and maternal perceptions of maltreatment.8
6.3 Statement of the problem
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge of “child abuse and its prevention” among mothers of school-aged children in a selected community, Mangalore.
6.4 Objectives of the study
1. To assess the level of knowledge on child abuse and its prevention among mothers of school-aged children.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of the planned teaching programme on knowledge of child abuse and its prevention among the mothers of school-aged children.
3. To analyse the association between pre-test knowledge scores of the mothers with selected demographic variables.
6.5 Operational definitions
1. Effectiveness: It refers to the extent to which the planned teaching programme has achieved the desired objective, i.e., improvement of post-test knowledge scores on child abuse and its prevention among mothers of school-aged children.
2. Planned teaching programme: It refers to the pre-planned teaching programme prepared and administered by the investigator to educate the mothers regarding child abuse and its prevention.
3. Mother of school-aged children: It refers to the biological female parent or the female caretaker of children between 6 and 12 years, who is closely involved with the upbringing of the child.
4. Child abuse and its prevention: It refers to the intentional and unintentional physical, sexual, psychological maltreatment of children by parents, caregivers, other persons known or unknown to the child.
5. Knowledge: It refers to the written response to the items in a structured questionnaire on child abuse and its prevention.
6. Demographic variables: Demographic variables include age, educational status, number of children, and occupation of the mother.
Variables
Independent variable: Planned teaching programme on child abuse and its prevention.
Dependent variable: Mothers’ knowledge on child abuse and its prevention.
6.6 Assumptions
The study assumes that:
1. mothers have some knowledge regarding child abuse.
2. school children are vulnerable to abuse.
3. planned teaching programme is an accepted method for providing information and to guide actions to improve the knowledge level.
6.7 Delimitations
The findings of the study will be delimited to:
1. mothers of school-aged children living in the selected community.
2. mothers who are available at the time of data collection.
3. mothers who can read, write and understand either Kannada or English..
6.8 Hypotheses
H1: There will be a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge scores of mothers regarding child abuse and its prevention at 0.05 level of significance.
H2: There will be a significant association between the pre-test level of knowledge on child abuse and its prevention with selected demographic variables.
7. / Material and methods
7.1 Source of data
The data will be collected from mothers of school-aged children in a selected community at Mangalore.
7.1.1 Research design
The research design selected for the study will be quasi experimental one group pre-test – post-test design.
7.1.2 Setting
Study will be conducted in Sankolige village at Mangalore.
7.1.3 Population
The population selected for the study consists of mothers of school-aged children in the selected community at Mangalore.
7.2 Methods of data collection
7.2.1 Sampling procedure
Subjects will be selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique.
7.2.2 Sample size
In this study, sample will comprise of 50 mothers of school-aged children living in the selected community at Mangalore
7.2.3 Inclusion criteria for sampling
Mothers who:
· have children between 6-12 years
· are willing to participate in the study.
· are able to read, write and understand either Kannada or English.
7.2.4 Exclusion criteria for sampling
· Mothers who have special training in child upbringing, e.g., teachers, health workers, etc
7.2.5 Instruments intended to be used
Structured knowledge questionnaire and demographic proforma.
7.2.6 Data collection method
The mothers of school-aged children from a selected community will be selected for the study using non-probability purposive sampling. Permission will be obtained from the concerned authority prior to data collection. A pre-test will be conducted by using self-administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge of mothers on child abuse and its prevention. A planned teaching programme will be given on the same day of pre-test and after 6 days post-test will be conducted by administering same structured knowledge questionnaire. The data will be collected from 50 mothers after taking consent and assuring confidentiality of information.
7.2.7 Plan for data analysis
Both descriptive and inferential statistics will be used for data analysis.
The plan of data analysis is:
· All hypotheses will be tested at 0.05 level of significance.
· Demographic data will be analysed using frequency, percentage and graphs.
· Association between pre-test knowledge scores and demographic variables will be found out using chi-square test.
· Paired ‘t’ test will be used to find out the effectiveness of planned teaching programme.
7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to be conducted on patients, or other animals? If so please describe briefly.
Yes. Planned teaching programme will be administered to the subjects.
7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from your institution in case of 7.3?
Yes. Ethical clearance obtained from the institution.
8. / References
1. Kavimani M. Child abuse. Nightingale Nursing Times 20007 Jan;27-32.
2. Townsend MC. Psychiatric mental health nursing: concepts of care. 4th ed. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company; 2003.
3. WHO definition on child abuse: report of the consultation on child abuse prevention; Geneva 1999. [1screen]. Available from: URL:http://www.yesican.org/defnition /who.html. Accessed on November 19, 2008.
4. Kacker L, Vardan S, Kumar P. Study on child abuse: India 2007, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. [Screen 207]. Available from: URL:http://wcd.nic.in/child abuse.pdf. Accessed on November 19, 2008.
5. Tulir-CPHCHA, Research on prevalence and dynamics of child sexual abuse among school going children in Chennai. [screen 20]. Available from: URL:http://www.tulircphsa.org/images/pdf/research_report.pdf. Accessed on November 19, 2008.
6. Saptaro J, Mullen PE, Well DL, Moss SA. Impact child of abuse on mental health prospective study in males and females. Br J Psychiatry 2004 May;184:416-21. Available from: URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrz. Assessed on November19,2008.
7. Qin LZ, Sun YY, Xia W, Chen SE, Zhan HY. Risk factors for emotional abuse in 844 adolescents. Zhonggua Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2008 Apr; 10:228-30. Available from: URL:http://www.ncbi.nlm.gov/sites/entrnz . Assessed on November 19, 2008.
8. Atta HY, Youaef RM. Child abuse and neglect: mothers’ behaviour and perceptions. East Mediterr Health Journal 1988;4(3):502-12. Available from: URL:http://www.emro.who.int/publications/EMJH/0403/4311.htm. Assessed on November 19, 2008.
9. / Signature of the candidate
10. / Remarks of the guide
11. / Name and designation of (in block letters)
11.1 Guide / PROF. (MRS.) SUSAN ANAND
PRINCIPAL
YENEPOYA NURSING COLLEGE
MANGALORE – 575 018.
11.2 Signature
11.3 Co-guide (if any)
11.4 Signature
12 / 12.1 Head of the department / PROF. (Mrs.) SUSAN ANAND
HEAD OF PSYCHIATRIC NURSING
YENEPOYA NURSING COLLEGE
12.2 Signature
13. / 13.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal
13.2 Signature
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