Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka,
Bangalore.
PROFORMA SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION.
1. / Name of the Candidate and Address / RAPURU BHARGAVI,I YEAR M.Sc (Nursing),
ROYAL COLLEGE OF NURSING,
7th MAIN ROAD ,1st BLOCK,
UTTARAHALLI,
BANGALORE-560061.
2. / Name of the Institution / Royal College of Nursing.
3. / Course of study and subject / First year M.Sc (Nursing),
Community Health Nursing.
4. / Date of admission to Course /
30-06-2008.
5. / Title of the Topic / A Study To Assess The Knowledge and Attitude Regarding Teenage Pregnancy Among Teenage Girls Residing At Uttarahalli, Bangalore-61.
6. BRIEF RESUME ON INTENDEND WORK
INTRODUCTION:
“Reducing teen pregnancy and birth is one of the most effective ways of reducing child poverty in the country.”
-JORDAN BROWEN
Historical data from United states and several European countries show a clear secular trend, with age at menarche declining, at a rate of 2-3 months per decade, since the 19th century resulting in overall declines of about 3 years.
Pregnant teens are less likely to complete high school and attend college than teenagers who avoid pregnancy. Many teenage parents live below the poverty level and rarely on welfare. The children of teenage parents receive inadequate medical care, have more problems in school and spend more time in prison than children of adult parents.
Some important factors have strongly influenced the teenage pregnancy rates in recent decades. The first factor is the declining age at menarche. The decline in the age of menarche is attributed mostly to improve health and nutrition.
The second factor is that the first sexual activity is initiated to a much younger age. The youth risk behavior study suggested that almost one of the United States, high school students have had sexual intercourse in their lifetime.
The third factor is the low use rate of contraception. Many have inadequate protection against pregnancy and contraception use among teenagers is still very low. This may be related to less education awareness about contraception and less access to contraceptives and emergency contraception.
Teenage pregnancy was at increased risk for pre-term delivery and low birth weight. The relation between teenage pregnancy and small for gestational age births in teenage mothers has been reported. Young maternal age is probably a marker for one or more other maternal becomes rather than only an indication of incomplete maternal growth.1
It is concluded that teenage pregnancies age between 16 and 19 years had no risk for intrinsic maternal
Youth and the obstetric risk increased only in teenage less than 16 years of age.
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
“Just say no prevents teenage pregnancy the way ‘Have a nice day’ cures chronic depression”
-WOLFDYKE
According to National center health statistics systems are used to review and describe trends and variations in birth and birth rates for teenagers were much higher in fact for 18 to 19 year old were double affected.
In 2005, only 51.8% teenagers consistently use contraception in Italy. This may be related to less education awareness about contraception and less access to contraceptives and emergency contraception. Approximately one million adolescents become pregnant in the United States, every year, with 50,000 births occurring to school age mothers about 11-19 years old.2
Most studies from developed and developing countries have consistently reported that, teenage pregnancies were at increased risk for pre-term delivery and low birth weight (LBW). Although some studies failed to find such association. The relation between teenage pregnancy and small for gestational age births in teenage mothers has been reported by some studies.
According to scholar Patric F. Fagan said that the major change in teen pregnancy is not the numbers rates of teen pregnancy, but the massive abandonment of marriage having a baby out of wedlock is the major way to detail progress towards a future stable family life with its attendant more comfortable domestic economy.3
According to Professor Michael A. Carrera study, many teen males and females do not have the good fortune of living in (stable family) situations and do not see much of a future for themselves. Most young people see little employment opportunity around them and will probably face a life of low economic status, ever-present racism and inadequate opportunities for quality education Under such condition, instead of becoming industrious and hopeful, become sexually intimates for a short-term sense of comfort, and ultimately become profoundly fatalistic.3
Rogers and Yolder found that young maternal age was not an independent risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. The increased risk probably was attributed to other factors that were related to teenage pregnancy such as black, unmarried, low-socio-economic status and inadequate prenatal care.
So, the researcher wants to assess the knowledge of teenage girls regarding teenage pregnancies and to provide best practices to refuse child bearing and abortions among teenagers.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Review of literature provides basis for future investigations justifies the need for replication throws light up on feasibility of the study and indicates constrains of data collection and helps to relate findings of one another.
A Study was conducted to ascertain views of public high school students on preventing teenage pregnancy at six Boston high schools. This study was carried out by questionnaire with 75 questions distributed to 49% females and 51% males in 10th and 11th grades from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. On chi-square analysis, the results shows 63% of students had sexual intercourse.4
A Study was conducted to investigate differences in demographic data, self-esteem and coping skills. The total sample was 946 students. This study was carried out by questionnaire related to attitudes towards teen pregnancy and demographic data. It was distributed to 548 boys and 624 girls whose mean age was 13.2 years. The result revealed that students of a partner had significantly lower scores on the curriculum questions.5
A Study was conducted on variations in teenage birth rates at National and state trends. The total sample was 178. Tabular and graphical descriptions of the trends in teenage birth rates for the nation and each state, by age group, race and Hispanic origin of the mother. The incidents revealed that in general rates by state ,fell more for younger than the older teenagers, ranging by state from 10 -46% for ages 15 – 17 years, with rates falling 30% or more in 15 states.6
A Study was conducted to examine the perceived positive consequences of teenage child bearing, among female adolescents and to determine whether the perceived consequences of teenage child bearing are associated with other attitudes and sexual risks and behaviors at various urban high schools in Los angels, California. The sampling method was the random sampling method and the total sample size was 584 female students. A questionnaire and a paper – and – pencil survey was carried out in this study. The questions related to knowledge attitude and risk behaviors to teenage pregnancy. On multiple regression and logistic regression analysis were used. The results showed that high scores among girls who have low level of educational attainment, had low parental monitoring and wished to have many children.7
A Study was conducted to examine trends in birth and total pregnancy rates among teenage women at New Zealand, ethnic differences and international comparisons. Routinely collected data on births and abortions by age. The incidents show that the teenage birth rates were whether only in USA than new Zealand, Western European countries, is similar to the total rates in Australia and less than that in UK and Canada.8
A Study was conducted to gain knowledge, attitudes, questions and problems in decision making on abortions by young men recently informed about the positive pregnancy test of the girl friends at Sweden. This study was carried out by interviews at an out patient clinic adolescents. The total sample was 18. The results suggests that the importance of helping the male adolescents with his reactions as a conditions for using the equipment constituting impact factors and tools for process on the way to decision about abortion.9
A Study was conducted on the use of alcohol and adolescent pregnancy. It reported that 33.4% of adolescents engage in heavy episodic alcohol consumption and 34.8% of adolescents ate sexually active by the age of 15 without using any form of contraception. Combined these activities can lead to adolescent pregnancy complicated by fetal alcohol syndrome(FAS) rare disorder that is totally preventable by abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy.10
A Study was conducted on the programs and the practices available for the primary prevention of adolescent pregnancy. The research studies define some of the best practices available for the purpose of guiding practitioners in their selection of programs and interventions. Prevention programs and their major components and curricula are community-based and school-based clinics, programs offering contraceptive knowledge – building along with comprehensive sex educational and training and sex education curriculum and social learning theory and skills training.11
A Study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of home pregnancy testing among adolescents, at 11 urban clinics. The sample size was 600 females aged 13 -19 years. The results show that the prevalence of home pregnancy test use was 34%, among 474 sexually experienced youths, 77% of the users had received at least 1 negative pregnancy test result, and 48% took no further action for conformation. Compared with dose who had never used such tests, users were older and younger at sexual debut, use effective birth control, and more likely to have ever been pregnant.12
A Study was conducted focusing on older teens (18 - 19 yrs old). This research show the births to females, aged 18 and 19 accounts for 2/3 of teen births in Oklahoma annually. It is important for Oklahoma to identify effective ways to reduce births to this age group. Nationally and locally, there are few prevention programs and little data. Oklahoma has the opportunity to lead the nation in reducing births to older teens by aggressively addressing the issue, sharing promising approaches and building prevention efforts that include older teens in meaningful ways.13
A Study was conducted to explore minority teen mother’s perceptions of breast feeding and the influences on infant feeding choices. This study carried out by semi structured ethnographic interview method. The sample size was 35, Latina and African – American girls in Chicago between the age of 12 and 19 years. The results revealed that, the ranges of perceptions and influences that minority adolescent mothers have identified as affecting their infant feeding choices illustrated and explained in the teen’s own words are helpful to health care providers as they counsel teen mothers about feeding options.14
A Study was conducted to examine heath care professional’s knowledge and interest in training in adolescent pregnancy prevention. This study conducted by a cross- sectional mailed survey. The total random and stratified sample was 800 psychologists, 800 social workers, 1000 nurses, 400 pediatricians from national professional membership list. The result revealed that most of the nursing, pediatrics, psychology and social work professional have lack of knowledge regarding adolescent pregnancy.15
A Study was conducted to examine variations in teenage pregnancy rates in Trent region and to determine possible associations with local general practice characteristics such as the age and sex of the doctors at Trent region. This study conducted by a cross sectional survey. The total sample was 826, divided equally between doctors and nurses. On multivariate analysis the lower teenage pregnancy rates were associated with the presence of a female or young doctors and more nurse time.16
A Study was conducted on adolescent pregnancy and child bearing at various international sources and government statistical offices. The total sample was 257. This study conducted by across country analysis of birth and abortion. The result revealed that a group of countries have low level of knowledge and interest in training.17
A Study was conducted on teen friendly services. This study proves that teenagers seeking contraceptive advice teen- friendly services that are accessible free or low cost, confidential and convenient. From the teen’s perspective, the picture is quite simple. I need help now, I don’t want my parents to know about it, I have no money, and I’m not sure what to do. It is the responsibility of the clinical staff to walk new patients through the steps of becoming a successful health care consumer, keeping in mind that they have never acted independently in this area before.18
6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. To assess the knowledge of teenage girls regarding teenage pregnancy.
2. To assess the knowledge of teenage girls regarding risks of teen pregnancy.
3. To assess the knowledge of teenage girls regarding prevention of teenage pregnancy.
4. To find out the association between the knowledge and selected demographic variables of the teenage Girls.
5. To find out the association between the attitude and selected demographic variables of the teenage Girls.
6. To prepare a self instructional module on teenage pregnancy control protocols based on the knowledge
of teenage girls.
6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:
1. Assessment -Assessment refers to the critical analysis and valuation or judgment of the status or quality of a
Particular condition of situation.
2. Knowledge -It is the staff nurse’s intellectual ability regarding nosocomical infection control protocols and
assess their intellectual ability by administering questionnaires.
3. Attitude - The way that teenage girls think, feel or behave.
4. Teenage girls - The girls who are between 13-19 years of age.
5. Teenage pregnancy: teenage pregnancy is pregnancy in girls age 19 or younger.
6.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY:
H1. There will be a statistically significant association between knowledge regarding teenage pregnancy and socio-economic status.
H2. There will be a statistically significant association between knowledge regarding teenage pregnancy and level of education.
H3. There will be a statistically significant association between knowledge regarding teenage pregnancy and lifestyle pattern.
H4. There will be a statistically significant association between attitude regarding teenage pregnancy and