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Quiz Review Sheet- Sections 1.1-1.2

Section 1.1-

A. Scientists (make sure you know what they discovered and what their experiment was)

1. Robert Hooke:

  • Observed dead cork cells under a microscope
  • Called what he saw “cells” after the cells that monks occupied in monasteries

2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek

  • First person to observe living cells
  • Observed living cells in a sample of pond water

3. Francesco Redi

  • Spontaneous Generation: In Redi’s time—the 1600s—it was commonly believed that living organisms would randomly come in to being from non-living materials.
  • Fly/Meat Experiment: A commonly-held assumption by Redi’s contemporaries was that maggots (fly larvae) were generated in decaying meat and dead flesh. In order to test this hypothesis, Redi placed rotten meat in both an OPEN CONTAINER and in a CLOSED CONTAINER. Although adult flies tried to get into BOTH containers, they could only gain access to the meat in the OPEN CONTAINER. After some time, maggots appeared ONLY on the meat in the open container, suggesting that THE ADULT FLIES WERE THE SOURCE OF THE MAGGOTS and SPONTANEOUS GENERATION DID NOT OCCUR!!

4. Louis Pasteur

  • Pasteurization: Process developed by Louis Pasteur after discovering that bacteria in the air could contaminate food. By superheating and then rapidly cooling food items, bacterial concentrations can be greatly reduced—prolonging shelf-life and reducing spoilage/infection.
  • Bacteria/Broth Experiment: Preparing two flasks containing a broth (proteins, carbohydrates, etc. to support bacterial growth), Pasteur then sterilized them using high heat to kill any bacteria potentially present in the broth. Now, with both flasks bacteria free, Pasteur left one flask OPEN and left one flask CLOSED AIR-TIGHT. After some time, the OPEN FLASK HAD BACTERIAL GROWTH, while the CLOSED FLASK HAD NO BACTERIAL GROWTH. After opening the closed flask and exposing it to air, it went on to DEVELOP BACTERIAL GROWTH. This was strong evidence that bacteria is present in the air around us and led Pasteur to develop the technique for sanitizing foods called Pasteurization (see above). The results of this experiment also demonstrated that CELLS MUST COME FROM OTHER CELLS!!!!

B. Cell Theory – 3 parts

  1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS
  2. THE CELL IS THE MOST BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE
  3. ALL CELLS ARISE FROM EXISTING, LIVING CELLS

Section 1.2-

A. Microscopes – know what can be seen with them and magnification

1. Compound Light microscope: Uses visible light to look at a thin sample; can observe cells but not detailed organelles

  • Eyepiece/Ocular Lens is always 10X magnification
  • Can have objective lenses of 4X, 10X, and 40X OR 10X, 40X, and 100X
  • To find total magnification we multiply the 10X magnification of the eyepiece and the magnification of whatever objective lens we are using
  • EXAMPLE: 10X (eyepiece) and 40X (objective lens):10 * 40 = 400X
  • The weakest magnification would be 4X objective: 10 * 4 = 40X
  • The strongest magnification would be 100X objective: 10 * 100 = 1000X

2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Uses an electron beam to produce 3D, surface images of a specimen at up to 100,000X Total Magnification (think SCANNING=SURFACE)

3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Uses and electron beam to penetrate a thin sample and produce images of a specimen at up to 300,000X Total Magnification (think TRANSMISSION=THROUGH)

B. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

1. What makes them different?

2. Examples of each

C. Plant vs. Animal Cells

1. What makes them different?

2. Examples of each