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Questions for Chapter 11 – Review – Group Teams:
1. Approximately ¾ of the world’s industrial production is concentrated in 4 regions of the world. What are they? Eastern NA, Northwestern Europe, East Asia, Eastern Europe
2. Industrial Revolution began in: GB or UK
3. Geographers recognize that connections are important to explain why a particular place is suitable for industry. 2 connections: where the markets are & where the resources are
4. Outside of Europe, NA, and East Asia, the next 2 largest industrial producing countries are: India and Brazil
5. After the Northeast US, the second largest industrial region in the USA is: So. CA
6. Industrial Revolution began in: late 1700s
7. The I.R. can be explained by a gradual diffusion of 3 inventions: social, economic, political
8. The cottage industry system is involved manufacturing: in the home
9. The main source of power for steam engines and blast ovens is produced from: coal
10. The most important transportation improvement in the 18th century was the: canal
11. Western Europe’s principal industrial areas include 3 areas: UK, Rhine-Ruhr, Mid-Rhine, Northern Italy
12. Today, the most significant industrial asset of the Western Great Lakes region is its what? access to the nation’s transportation network
13. In order to become a major industrial power, Japan had to overcome a problem of what? Distance from consumers
14. Convergence regions are found primarily where in Europe? Central Europe (E and S where incomes lag)
15. The shift in steel production locations in the USA from the mid-nineteenth century until the mid-twentieth century started in the NE migrated towards the ______and now resides in ______. Midwest, East and West coasts
16. Alfred Weber put together a Least Cost Theory of Industry in 1909. According to Weber, there are two geographical costs to consider when deciding where to place an industry. Site and situation
17. What are the two factors of situation? Bulk-gaining and bulk-reducing
18. What does bulk-reducing mean? The industry is working with huge raw materials like what is found in copper or steel or mining. The product needs to be reduced to transport to a city. The industry factory must be placed near the raw materials. It is more cost effective that way. Explain?
19. What is a bulk-gaining industry? The industry’s raw materials are small and combined into a larger product. Always located near large cities. The final product grows into a final product and is easier to transport because it’s assembled within the city. (newspaper, Pepsi, Coke, bread, car, airplane)
20. Copper concentration mill tends to locate near a copper mine because it is a: bulk-reducing industry
21. Metal fabrication plants are an example of a bulk-gaining industry because : separate parts are combined to make more complex and massive products
22. Situation costs are critical to a firm that wishes to: minimize transport costs
23. Site factors equal 3 important considerations: land, labor, and capital
24. The U.S. steel industry moved westward in the nineteenth century primarily because of better access to: iron ore
25. Producers of automobiles select locations primarily because of access to: markets
26. The lowest-cost form of transporting goods very long distance is by: boat
27. A company which uses more than one mode of transport will often locate near: break-of-bulk points
28. Beer bottling is an example of a : bulk-gaining industry
29. Maquiladoras have an advantage of proximity to U.S. markets but are a bit too far for: just in time deliveries.
30. What is the definition of a maquiladora? Factories built by U.S. companies near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.
31. How do the Mexican people benefit by being a part of a Maquiladora? Higher wage job than normal Mexican employment. Bus ticket paid by plant. 2 meals at the plant.
32. How does the Mexico government benefit from Maquiladoras? Mexicans earn money and spend it in Mexico. Helps the Mexican economy. Mexico gov’t is stable. Provides USA with tax breaks. Trade agreement like NAFTA between Mexico, US, and Canada.
33. Compared to other industries, aluminum manufacturers are more likely to locate near sources of : low-cost energy due to need for water – but also they need electricity
34. What industry is most dependent on low-cost labor? Textiles
35. What is Fordist production? Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.
36. Henry Ford boasted that he could do what 2 things for people? He could take people off the streets + put them to work with only a few minutes of training.
37. Central Europe offers an attractive combination of important site and situation factors. The two are: less skilled but cheaper labor than Western Europe
38. Both Europe and USA have seen interregional shifts in manufacturing, but one difference is: Europe government policies have encouraged relocation
39. Steel production has declined during 1980-2008 most rapidly in: USA. Where in 2013? China
40. What western European country has experienced the most rapid manufacturing growth since the late 20th century? Spain
41. Maintaining control over all phases of a highly complex production process is known as: vertical integration
42. The U.S. government distinguishes between foreign and domestic cars in 3 ways: measure fuel efficiency, set tariffs, inform customers under the American Automobile Labeling Act
43. What 2 location/situation factors influence industries to remain in the northeastern US and northwestern Europe? Skilled labor and rapid delivery to market
44. What are the advantages of northern Industry executives setting up a low-skilled labor factory in the South USA? (Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, etc.). The South supports “open shops”. The South has many states that are considered Right-to-work states. This means a US state has passed a law preventing a union and company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment. Unions are not as successful there. People are willing to work for the pay the Industry is willing to give. The industries are in rural areas and people are eager to find jobs. There are not huge cities nearby for the rural to find a job.
45. What is the difference between an “open shop” and a “closed shop”? closed shop (a company and a union agree that everyone must join the union to work in the factory). Open shop (a company and a union may not negotiate a contact that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment). More difficult in the South to organize factory workers, collect, dues, and bargain with employers as a union’s purpose is to do just that. Right-to-work laws send a powerful message signal that anti-union attitudes would be tolerated, even actively supported.
46. What are the disadvantages for Southern people working in a low-skilled factory set up by a huge corporation from the Northern part of the USA? Executives know that they do not have to worry about labor unrest. They do not have to worry about unions. They know that Southerners will accept the pay they offer. Often the Executives only offer part-time work so they do not have to give out benefits. The Executives can pull out of a southern State any time they want. They can close a factory and leave the rural, Southern people without jobs. There is no loyalty to the South. The Executives’ home base is a Northern city and that is where their loyalty remains.
47. What kind of industry work is available in the South? Textiles, call-centers, tobacco products, furniture, access to oil and natural gas along the Gulf Coast, food processing, and aerospace product manufacturing.
48. MDCs are hesitant to lend out funds or capital for LDCs because: political unrest, economic problems, high debt
49. 3 traditional production factors that vary among locations are: labor, capital, land
50. ______parts are delivered often within minutes to the assembly plant. Just-in-time deliveries
51. What are the advantages of just-in-time deliveries to the manufacturing company? Reduces the $ spent on inventory; reduces the size of the factory due to not having a mountain of inventory;
52. What are the advantages of just-in-time deliveries for the producers? Have less inventory to cushion against disruptions in the arrival of needed parts; Only 2 kinds of disruptions: labor unrest and “acts of God”
53. ______ is the site factor that is changing dramatically in the 21st century. Labor
54. BRIC stands for: Brazil, Russia, India, and China = trade agreement with each other
55. Two geographical costs a company faces are: situation and site factors.
56. The ____ is an example of a product other than food that is highly perishable. Newspaper
57. Gulf Coast has become an industrial area for 2 products: oil and natural gas
58. Auto Alley in the US is found starting way in the north with what state? Michigan and continues down to ______. Georgia.
59. Labor intensive jobs are measured as _____ whereas high-wage is measured in _____. % vs. $
60. Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory is called ______. Situation factors
61. 2 reasons why the Industrial Revolution bypassed the South? Civil War, no infrastructure, lack of electricity, lack of roads
62. Just-in-time delivery can be disrupted in 2 ways: labor unrest, acts of God
63. The highest manufacturer of refrigerators, stereos, and electronic equipment can be found in? Japan
64. Transfer of some types of jobs, esp. those requiring low-paid, less skilled works, from more developed to less developed countries. New international division of labor (2 parts to the definition – know!)
65. What are positive factors of the New international division of labor? Economic interdependence/globalization; transportation/communication; outsourcing/offshoring; foreign management; trade agreements.
66. A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to an independent supplier is called ______. Outsourcing (single market supplier)
67. Textiles are dominant in what industrial sector of LDCs? India
68. Behind Europe and North America, industrial areas that are developing rapidly are in 3 areas: East Asia, South Asia, and Latin America
69. Give an example of a single-market manufacturer: car dials, seat parts: for motor vehicles
70. The Detroit 3 automakers purchase more than ¼ of all new vehicle parts from ______. Mexico
71. Adoption by companies of flexible work hours is a part of ______production. Post-Fordist
72. ______is the city most important to the Rhine-Ruhr Valley: Rotterdam
73. In the 21st Century, where are factories located in the USA? Suburbs and rural areas
74. What is a footloose industry? Businesses whose locations are not tied to resources or not tied to transportation or not tied to consumer locations. Examples: customer-service call centers, (unskilled labor) research and development centers (skilled labor) or corporate headquarters (highly skilled labor). Because they are not part of the production, they can be moved or closed down with in a short time, be moved to another site, or even eliminated.
75. What are the Detroit 3 Companies? Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors
76. What percentage of the value of any car that bears a company’s name (minus the cost of single market parts)” 30%
77. Name South and Eastern countries that are a part of the European Union that need convergence industries to be set-up in their countries because of high debt? Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece
78. Name 6 industries that were impacted by the Industrial Revolution. Iron, coal, transportation, textiles, chemicals, food processing.
79. Wages in MDCs are how many times larger than LDCs in regard to Industry jobs? Four times larger.
#15 MODEL – Weber’s Industry Model – Industrial Location Theory
· Alfred Weber’s Theory of Industrial Location – 1909
· Still influential
· The selection of optimal factory locations
· Helps with the minimization of land, labor, resources, and transportation costs
· Manufactured goods have a variable-cost framework that affects the potential location of factory sites
· Weber states that in terms of location, manufactured goods can be classified into two categories
· They are based on the amounts of inputs in relation to product outputs
Manufactured Goods classified into 2 categories
1. Weight-losing or bulk reducing: This involves a large amount of inputs that are reduced to a final product that weighs less or has less volume or bulk than the inputs. These factories tend to be located near the inputs that lose the most bulk in the manufacturing process, like trees or metal ore.
· There is only 1 major input, such as seafood packaging, lumber mills, and metal or-processing or smelting.
· Industrial location is in very close proximity to the resource location.
· By comparison, where there are a # of major inputs to the production process, location must be balanced given the variable transportation costs of each input.
· The inputs that lose the most bulk in the production process are relatively more expensive to transport than those inputs that could represent a more significant portion of the finished product.
Example: Steel
· Industrial location of steel is dependent on 4 major inputs: iron ore, cola, limestone and water.
· Iron ore has the lowest loss of volume of the finished product.
· Limestone is used to refine the steel and give its comparative lightness and strength.
· Coal refined into coke to burn hotter, is completely lost during production.
· Water is lost also which is required in large amounts to cool steel products so that they retain their form.
· Condensers often capture steam produced and recycle it into liquid.
· Iron ore is distant elastic, meaning it can be transported over short or long distances to the steel plant.
· Coal, limestone, and water need to be in close proximity.
· In US, steel production around Pittsburgh has consolidated in the 1970s using small local sources of iron.
· As production later expanded, the iron fields near Lake Superior became the main supplies of iron ore (taconite) to large firms like United States Steel.