QUARTERLY # 2 - CHECK LIST
- Mitosis/Meiosis
a – Describe chromosomes – where are they located – what info do they contain.
Located in the Nucleus. Contain DNA/genes- traits . Formed by coiling around histones
b. Explain difference between haploid vs diploid chromosome numbers.
Haploid- 1n- 23 chromosomes: Diploid- 2n- 46chromosomes
c. How many chromosomes do humans start and end with in Mitosis and Meiosis?
Humans start with 46 chromosomes in Mitosis end with 46 chromosomes, In Meiosis it ends
with 23 chromosomes.
d. What is a gamete? How many chromosomes do gametes contain?
Gametes are you sex cells – egg and sperm- Each gamete contains 23 chromosomes.
e. What process forms the gametes? Meiosis
f. Does Binary Fission produce genetically different or genetically identical organisms? Explain.
It is a form of asexual reproduction. It copies DNA then splits into 2 organisms. NO EXCHANGE
of gametes. Therefore they are genetically identical.
g. Does Mitosis produce genetically different or genetically identical organisms? Explain.
Genetically identical. no crossing over. Produces autosomal
cells (also known as somatic and body cells). These need to be gen. Identical
h. DoesMeiosis produce genetically different or genetically identical organisms? Explain.
Genetically different: crossing over an independent assortment.
i. List and identify the stages of Mitosis and Meiosis.
Mitosis: P, M, A, T
Meiosis: P1, M1, A1, T1, P2, M2, A2, T2
j. List the stages of the entire Cell Cycle.
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
k. What is Interphase and what are the steps of it? How long are cells in interphase?
G1: Normal growth phase, S: DNA duplicates, G2: All other structures replicate
2. Cellular Respiration -- Photosynthesis
a. Explain the process of Cellular Respiration. Describe the reaction.
C6H12O6 +6 O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + ATP
b. Where does each of the stages of Aerobic Respiration occur in a Eukaryotic cell?
Glycolysis: Cytoplasm
Krebbs: Mitochondria
ETC: Mitochondrial membrane
c. What are the products of Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC?
Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 Pyruvates
Krebs: 6NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH, 2ATP
ETC: 32 ATP, H2O
d. Where is most of the energy made in Aerobic Respiration?ETC
e. Explain two types of Anaerobic Respiration. What are the products of each type?
Lactic Acid- lactic acid and CO2
Alcoholic- ethanol and CO2
** uses no oxygen and also NADH is changed to NAD+ and recycled back to
glycolysis. No additional ATP made in fermentation (only what is made in
glycolysis)
f. Explain the process of Photosynthesis. Describe the reaction.
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2
h. What are the products of Light Reaction and the Dark Reaction in photosynthesis?
Light Reaction: Oxygen and ATP
Dark Reaction: Glucose
i. Where do the Light and Dark Reactions happen in the plant cell? Be specific.
Light (ETC): Thylakoid membrane of the chloroplasts
Dark (Calvin Cycle): Stroma of the cholorplasts
3. Passive/Active transport
a. Describe the Cell Membrane structure.
Semipermeable
Phospholipid bi-layer: Hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails.
What other names do scientists use to refer to the cell membrane? Plasma Membrane
b. Identify parts of a Cell Membrane.
Phospholipid bi-layer: Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
c. What is the difference between Active vs Passive Transport?
Active: Uses energy. Moves substances from low to high (against concentration gradient)
Passive: NO energy used: moves substances from high to low
Which one requires energy? Why?
Active: Uses energy. Moves substances from low to high (against concentration gradient)
Endocytosis: Movement into the cell using a vessicle
Exocytosis: Movement out of the cell using a vessicle
d. Explain Diffusion and Osmosis. Include both similarities and differences.
Both are passive transport: Use NO ENERGY. High to low is the flow!
Osmosis is a type of diffusion that moves ONLY WATER!
e. Explain Facilitated Diffusion –Not small enough to move through the cell membrane.
Ion Channels and Carrier proteins
f. Differentiate between: Hypertonic - Hypotonic - Isotonic - solutions.
Hypertonic: More water inside the cell (less solute) than outside so water moves out to reach
Equilibrium: Cell Shrinks
Hypotonic: More water outside (less solute) than the inside the cell so water moves in to reach
equilibrium: Cell gets bigger
Isotonic: Equal amounts or water inside to outside. Water still moves at equal rate to maintain
equilibrium.
g. Describe plasmolysis.
Hypertonic environment where cells shrivels up
h. Describe cytolysis.
Hypotonic environment where the water keeps moving in and the cell blows up
4. Environment and Ecology
a. What is the difference between an abiotic vsa biotic factor in an ecosystem? Give examples.
Abiotic: nonliving,
Biotic: Living
b. Differentiate between producers - consumers - decomposers. Give examples.
Producers: Produce their own food : vegetation/plants/trees
Consumers: Herbivores : Eat plants
Carnivores: Eat meat
Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals
Decomposers (detrivores): certain bacteria, fungi (mushrooms)
c. Explain food chains - food webs - food pyramids/levels - in terms of energy flow and biomass.
Food Web/food chains: Producers- first level consumers- secondary level consumers
Food Levels/Pyramids:
d - Identify and relate the importance of the 4 main geochemical nutrient cycles.
Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus: Be sure to look at biogeochemical notes
e. Explaindifferent types of symbiosis. Give examples.
Commensalism: one species benefits, the other unharmed
Parasitism: feeds on host, harming it but not killing it
Mutualism: Both species benefit
f. What factors can change a population? Explain carrying capacity and how it relates to populations. Carrying Capacity: Maximum number of organisms an ecosystem can sustain. Many factors can affect a population such as amount of resources available, disease, natural disasters. Etc..
g. What is succession? Identify and characterize organisms for each stage of succession.
Succession is a change in a community over time. Primary (lichens-grasses)- Climax community (trees). Secondary community: Once was there something happened such as a forest fire and it is starting to regrow and reclaim the area.
h. Explainthe difference between threatened – endangered – extinct – invasive species.
Extinct: species no longer exists
Endangered: species numbers are declining and at risk of extinction
Invasive species: A species that is not native to that area: have no known natural predators
i - Differentiate between renewable vs non-renewable resources.
How does it relate to sustainability?
Renewable: Able to be made in a timely manner and can be used again: water, air, soil
Non-renewable: Cannot be made in a timely manner. Once it is used up it is gone (coal, oil, Nat.
Gas)
j- Explain how the following chemical elements can impact the quality of the waterway:
DO (Dissolved Oxygen) -- Nitrates - Phosphates -pH - Temperature