Biology 35

Purpose of this course:

  1. To complete objectives from the I.B. program of studies not covered in Science 10 honors, Biology 20 I.B., or Biology 30 I.B.
  2. To complete required time for the Practical Scheme of Work.
  3. To review objectives from Science 10 honors, Biology 20 I.B., and Biology 30 I.B., in preparation for the I.B.exams.

Evaluation:

The course mark will be calculated as a cumulative total using the following categories.

Question sheet portfolio35%IB Exam dates: May 17 (P.M) Paper 1: 1 hour

Quizzes, labs, assignments35%May 17 (P.M.) Paper 2: 2.25 hours May18 (A.M.) Paper 3: 1.25 hours Final exam (May 9) 30%

The I.B. exam will take place over two days and is broken up into three “papers”

Paper 1: 40 multiple choice, (20 from topics 1 to 5 and 20 from topics 7 to 16), time: 1 hour

Paper 2: Section A 1 data base question with several parts, from any of the topics, time: 0.75 hour

Section B 2 extended response questions from a choice of 4 questions, from any of the

Topics, time: 1.5 hours

Paper 3: 1 data base question, several short answer questions, and 1 extended response question in each of the two options studied (This is Option D, Evolution, and Option H, Human Physiology, for us), time:1.25 hours.

Calculators are not permitted in paper 1 but are required for papers 2 and 3, where programmable display calculators are allowed.

Updated marks will be posted several times throughout the semester at the back of the classroom.

All labs, quizzes, and assignments must be completed. Missed work will be given a mark of zero until it is made up. If you miss one of these for legitimate reasons you must get the assignment the class you return then have it handed in the next class. The same format will be followed if a quiz is missed. Missed lab work that can not be repeated will be made up with an alternate assignment.

We will use the textbook: “Biology: for the IB Diploma” by Andrew Allott. The objectives listed on the following table correspond to those in the textbooks. Read through the objectives identified for a class prior to the class. The question sheet portfolio works through these objectives. This portfolio will be collected four times throughout the semester. Class discussions/lessons will center on questions about those specific objectives, so it is imperative that the objectives be read before the class.

We meet every Thursday at lunch

Week / Topic and Questions / Question due date
1 / Topic 1 and 2
2 / Topic 3 / Topic 1 and 2: Feb 9
3 / Topic 4
4 / Family day, Faith Days, Teacher convention
5 / Topic 5 / Topic 3 and 4: March 1
6 / Topic 6
7 / Topic 7 / Topic 5 and 6: March 15
8 / Topic 8
9 / Topic 9 / Topic 7 and 8: March 29
10 / Topic 10 and 11
11 / Easter Break
12 / Topic D / Topic 9,10, and 11: April 19
13 / Topic H
14 / Review / Topic D and H: May 3
15 / Mock I.B exam/ In class Final
16 / I.B exams / May 17 paper 1,2, May 18 paper 3
Date / Objectives / Date / Objectives
Jan 30 / 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1,5 / Ap 2 / 9.1, 9.2 Quiz 7-8, questions due
Feb 1 / 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 / Ap 4 / 10.1
Feb 5 / 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 / Ap 8 / 11.1, 11.2
Feb 7 / 3.1, 3.2 Quiz 1-2, questions due / Ap 10 / 12.1, 12.2
Feb 11 / 3.3, 3.4 / Ap 14 / 13.1,13.2, 13.3
Feb 13 / 4.1, 4.2 / Ap 16 / D1, D2, Quiz 9-13, questions due
Feb 15 / 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 / Ap 21 / D3, D4
Feb 26 / 5.1, 5.2 Quiz 3-4, questions due / Ap 23 / D5, D6
Feb 28 / 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 / Ap 25 / H1, H2
Mar 3 / 5.6, 5.7 / Ap 29 / H3, H4
Mar 5 / 6.1, 6.2 / May 1 / H5, H6
Mar 7 / 6.3, 6.4 / May 5 / review
Mar 11 / 6.5, 6.6 / May 7 / In class final mc/wr
Mar 13 / 7.1 Quiz 5-6, questions due / May 9 / In class final wr
Mar 17 / 7.2 / May 13 / review
Mar 19 / 8.1, 8.2 / May 14 P.M. / Paper 1 and Paper 2
Mar 31 / 8.3, 8.4 / May 15 A.M. / Paper 3

Biology 35 Objective 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  1. Explain the basic structure of a virus.
  2. Distinguish between light and electron microscopes, state advantages and disadvantages
  3. Define: resolution and magnification
  4. If the eyepiece is 10X and the objectives are 5X, 15X, and 50X calculate the magnification at each.
  5. What are organelles, list 6 examples
  6. Build a chart to compare the sizes of molecules, cell membrane, viruses, bacteria, organelles, and cells
  7. Compare the size of cell organelles, which is largest? Smallest?
  8. Calculate the surface area to volume ratios of a cell cube2x2x2 cm and another cube 8x8x8 cm
  9. Why are cells so small?
  10. List two places in our bodies where increased surface area increases efficiency.
  11. Define prokaryotic
  12. Identify the parts of generalized bacterium and state functions of parts
  13. Define eukaryotic
  14. Describe the endosymbiotic theory
  15. Label the diagram of the eukaryotic cell and identify the function of the parts
  16. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
  17. List three differences between plant and animal cells
  18. What is the plant cell wall composed of?
  19. What is the function of the plant cell wall?
  20. Describe how to calculate the magnification of a drawing. (use scale bars)
  21. Describe the metabolic activities of prokaryotic cells.

Biology 35 Objectives 1.4, 1.5

  1. Draw the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and label parts.
  1. Define the following terms:
  1. phospholipid
  2. glycoprotein
  3. integral proteins
  4. peripheral proteins
  5. hydrophobic
  6. hydrophilic
  7. diffusion
  8. osmosis
  9. passive transport
  10. facilitated diffusion
  11. semipermeable
  12. active transport
  13. protein pumps
  14. A.T.P
  15. concentration gradient
  16. vesicles
  17. endocytosis
  18. exocytosis
  19. pinocytosis
  20. phagocytois

3. Explain what happens during

  1. the cell cycle
  2. interphase
  3. prophase
  4. metaphase
  5. anaphase
  6. telophase

4. List two differences in mitosis between plant and animal cells.

Biology 35 Objectives 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4

  1. List one function for the following:
  1. carbon
  2. oxygen
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. sulfur
  6. phosphorous
  7. potassium
  1. Outline the significance of water to life with respect to:
  1. transparency
  2. cohesion
  3. surface tension
  4. solvent properties (universal solvent)
  5. thermal properties (heat capacity)
  6. coolant
  7. transport medium
  8. habitat
  1. Draw structure of:
  1. amino acid
  2. ring structure of glucose
  3. glycerol
  4. fatty acid
  5. dipeptide, circle and label the peptide linkage (bond)
  1. Define/explain condensation (dehydration synthesis) and hydrolysis
  2. Complete the following table

Nutrient / Example / Energy / Solubility in water / Function
Monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Proteins
Fats/lipids
  1. Draw the lock and key model of enzyme action. Label the active site, substrate, and enzyme.
  1. What is pectinase? Explain its use.
  1. Draw a DNA double helix, number the location of the carbons in the sugar, I.D. the nitrogen bases, sugar, and phosphate, hydrogen bond location and covalent bond location

Biology 35: Objectives 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8use pages 40-44 and 81-86

  1. What is complementary base pairing?
  1. Define semiconservative replication and list the steps.
  1. State two differences between DNA and RNA
  1. Define:
  1. Transcription
  1. Translation
  1. What is the function of helicase, and DNA polymerase?
  1. What is RNA polymerase?
  1. What is a mRNA codon?
  1. What is a tRNA anticodon?
  1. What is a peptide linkage?
  1. What does degeneracy mean with respect to the genetic code?
  1. What does universal mean with respect to the genetic code?
  1. With respect to cell respiration define.
  1. Pyruvate
  1. lactate
  1. Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll
  1. Explain photolysis.
  1. Complete the following table

Factor / Effect on the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide conc.

Biology 35: Objectives 3.1, 3.2Use pages 57 to 64

  1. State the composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
  1. Describe what a karyotype is.
  1. Describe one application of karyotyping.

4. Define:

  1. gene
  2. allele
  3. genome
  4. gene mutation
  5. base substitution
  1. Describe how a base subsitution results in sickle cell anemia.
  1. State the purpose of meiosis
  1. Define:
  1. diploid
  2. haploid
  3. homologous chromosomes
  1. Outline the eight stages of meiosis.
  1. Explain how variation is produced as a result of meiosis.
  1. Define nondisjunction and how it can produce Down’s syndrome.
  1. State Mendel’s law of segregation.
  1. How does Mendel’s law of segregation apply to meiosis.

Biology 35: Topic 3.3, 3.4

  1. Define the following terms
  1. genotype
  2. phenotype
  3. testcross
  1. Predict the offspring of a cross between blood type O negative and AB positive (this person had a parent that had A negative blood).
  1. Predict the offspring from a cross between a colorblind man and a woman with normal color vision but is a carrier for colorblindness.
  1. Explain what PCR is.
  1. Explain what gel electrophoresis is.
  1. What is a DNA profile?
  1. List three advantages and three disadvantages of genetic screening.
  1. What is the Human Genome Project.
  1. Outline the basic technique used for gene transfer (genetic engineering)
  1. Provide two examples of genetically modified crops or animals
  1. State two possible benefits and two possible harmful effects of genetically modified foods.
  1. Outline the process of gene therapy.
  1. Outline the technique for cloning using differentiated cells.
  1. List two pros and two cons of cloning.

16. Do questions 12, 15,16 pages 74-75

Biology 35: Objectives 4.1, 4.2Use pages77-80, 86-93

1.Draw a food web containing at least 10 organisms, with a minimum of 3 tropic levels. State the autotrophs, heterotrophs

  1. State the difference between a saprotroph and a detritivore, state the function of each.
  1. Explain the flow of energy through a food chain
  1. How does the phrase “energy flows, matter cycles” apply to ecosystems?
  1. Draw the carbon cycle to show the processes including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and fossilization.
  1. Draw, label, and define each part of the S shaped growth curve. Then provide reasons for each phase of this growth curve.
  1. State the equation for the Lincoln Index. Explain how this is used to estimate the size of a population.
  1. Define random sampling.
  1. Describe how quadrats are used to random sample plant populations.
  1. What is the difference between the mean, median, and mode?
  1. Describe what ‘standard deviation’ is.
  1. What does a small standard deviation mean?
  1. What does a large standard deviation mean?

Biology 35: Topic 4.3,4.4,4.5

  1. Define evolution
  1. List and briefly explain the main points (5) in Natural selection as explained by Darwin

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

  1. Explain how antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution.
  1. Define species.
  1. Describe the value of classifying organisms.
  1. Outline (briefly explain) the binomial system of nomenclature.
  1. State the five kingdoms all organisms are classified into and identify the defining criteria for each category.

Kingdom / Description
  1. List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxonomy. Using two organisms, classify them into each of the seven categories.

Category / Example one / Example two
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
  1. Do the classification worksheet attached.
  2. Explain each of the following. In your explanation include the cause and effects.
  1. greenhouse effect
  2. ozone depletion
  3. acid precipitation

Biology 35: Objectives 5.1, 5,2

  1. complete the following table

Enzyme / Gland produced by / substrate / product
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase
Lipase
Amylase
Nuclease
Trypsin
  1. Draw a cross section of a villus. Identify where the microvilli are found
  1. Complete the table

Vessel / Direction of flow / Pressure / Adaptations
Artery
Vein
Capillary
  1. State the function of:
  1. Plasma
  2. Erythrocytes
  3. Leucocytes
  4. plateletes
  1. Label the diagram of the heart and the digestive system.
  2. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the 3 types of vessels
  1. Explain how the following provide defence against disease
  1. skin and mucous membranes
  1. phagocytic leucocytes
  1. antibody production

8. How does HIV affect the immune system?

Biology 35: Objectives 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

  1. Complete the table:

Organism: Pathogen / Disease example
  1. List six methods by which pathogens are transmitted and gain entry to the body.
  1. Name a bacteria disease:

State the cause:

How is it transmitted:

How does it gain entry to the body:

  1. Why are antibotics effective against bacteria but not viruses

5. What is AIDS:

State the cause:

How is it transmitted:

List some social implications:

  1. How do the following act as barriers against pathogens:
  1. skin:
  2. mucous membranes
  1. How do phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens?
  1. State the difference between:
  1. antibody
  2. antigen
  1. Explain how antibodies are produced (see objective booklet for info.)
  1. List two specific effects of HIV on the immune system.
  1. List the 4 features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange.
  1. State the difference between the following:
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange
  3. cell respiration
  1. Explain how we breath in including the action of internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm, and abdominal muscles.
  1. Draw a diagram of the ventilation system including trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs

Biology 35: Objectives 5.6, 5.7

  1. Define homeostasis.
  1. List the two major divisions of the nervous system
  1. What do neurons do in the nervous system?
  1. Describe the control of body temperature by describing:
  1. the transfer of heat in the blood
  2. the role of sweat glands
  3. the role of skin arterioles
  4. the role of shivering
  1. What is the endocrine system and what is it composed of?
  1. What are the roles of the following in the regulation of blood glucose?
  1. glucagon
  2. insulin
  3. alpha cells
  4. beta cells
  1. Define excretion
  1. Outline the role of the kidney in excretion and maintenance of water balance.
  1. Explain the role of the following hormones in males and females in regulating puberty.
  1. testosterone
  2. estrogen
  1. List the functions of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle
  1. Estrogen
  1. Progesterone
  1. FSH
  1. LH
  1. List the functions of the following hormones in regulating spermatogenesis
  1. Testosterone
  1. FSH
  1. LH
  1. List the secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes
  1. State the difference between copulation and fertilization
  1. Define the following terms:
  1. zygote
  2. morula
  3. blastocyst
  4. embryo
  5. fetus
  1. State the function of the following:
  1. amniotic sac
  2. amniotic fluid
  3. placenta
  1. List three stages of child birth and what occurs in each.
  2. Outline the role of progestrone and oxytocin in childbirth.
  1. Family planning and contraception

method / name / description
Mechanical
Chemical
behavioral
  1. Describe an ethical issue related to family planning and contraception
  1. Outline the following processes
  1. Amniocentesis
  1. in vitro fertilization

Biology 35: Topic 6.1, 6.2

1. Outline the structure of nucleosomes. What is the purpose of this structure?

2.What are antiparallel strands in DNA?

3.Explain the 3’-5’ linkage.

4. List the two purines.

5. List the two pyrimidines.

6. What does the 5’-3’ direction in DNA replication mean?

7. Explain the following terms:

a. Helicase

b. RNA primase

c. DNA polymerase III

d. Deoxynucleoside triphosphates

e. Okazaki fragments

f. DNA polymerase I

g. DNA ligase

8. What are eukaryotic chromosomes?

Biology 35: Topic 8.1, 8.2

  1. State the purpose of meiosis
  2. Define the following terms:
  1. crossing over
  1. chiasmata
  1. synapsis
  1. tetrad
  1. diploid
  1. haploid/monoploid
  1. recombination
  1. Mendel’s law of independent assortment
  1. Recombinants in dihybrid crosses
  1. Describe the behavior of chromosomes in each of the following stages of meiosis

Stage of meiosis / Behavior of chromosomes
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
  1. State the significance of the Chi-squared test in analysing monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

5. Do questions 1 and 2 on page 95 of the textbook. Also, do a chi squared calculation for the data in question 2 answering the question, is this data due to chance alone?

Biology 35: Topic 8.3, 8.4

  1. State the difference between the autosomes and the sex chromosomes.
  1. Explain how crossing over in Prophase I can result in an exchange of alleles.
  1. Define linkage group.
  1. Explain an example of a cross between two linked genes. Demonstrate how the ratios of offspring are different between linked and nonlinked crosses. Be able to use the horizontal line format specified in your objectives handout.

5. State how you identify which of the offspring in dihybrid crosses with linked genes are the recombinants.

Problem: To determine if the ratio of offspring from a dihybrid cross is due to chance or other effects.

Procedure:

  1. Select two sets of coins, ex: 2 pennies and 2 dimes.
  1. Let heads on one set be Tall and tails be short, and on the other set let heads be Green and tails be brown (TtBb)
  1. Assume that one coin from each set represents the gamete from each parent.
  1. Shake the coins together 25 times and record the possible crosses/offspring produced from a mating of two dihybrid parents.
  1. Put your data on the board and record class data.

Record the class data in an appropriate table

Analyze the class data to answer the problem.

Biology 35: Topic 9.1, 9.2

  1. Sketch a cross section through a testes. Include the following labels, state the function of each label beside the label. (seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, developing spermatozoa, sertoli cells)
  1. Define the following terms:
  1. Spermatogenesis
  1. mitosis in spermatogenesis
  1. cell growth
  1. two divisions of meiosis
  1. primary spermatocytes
  1. secondary spermatocytes
  1. Outline the origin and function of the following hormones in spermatogenesis:
  1. FSH
  1. LH
  1. Sketch and label a cross section through the ovary. Include the following labels: graafian follicles, primary oocytes, zona pellucida.
  1. Explain the following processes in oogenesis:
  1. Mitosis
  1. cell growth
  1. two divisions
  1. unequal division of cytoplasm
  1. degeneration of polar bodies
  1. primary oocyte
  1. secondary oocyte
  1. Draw a mature sperm cell. Label: head, middle, tail, mitochondria, nucleus, acrosome
  1. Draw a mature egg cell. Label: nucleus, zona pellucida, corona radiata.
  2. State the function of the following:
  1. Epididymus
  1. seminal vesicles
  1. prostate gland
  1. Explain the composition of semen.
  1. Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes.
  1. Explain the following processes of fertilization:
  1. acrosome reaction
  1. penetration of egg membrane
  1. cortical reaction
  1. What is the function of HCG, what is it produced by and when is it produced?
  1. Describe the structure and function of the placenta.
  1. What hormones does the placenta produce during pregnancy, when does it produce them, and what are their functions.

Biology 35: Topic 10.1