Supplementary data
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and cancer
Jeong-Hun Kang
TABLE S1: Target protein substrates for PKCs and their phosphorylation sites.
PKC isozymes a / Target protein substrates / Phosphorylation sites / Supplementary referencesPKCs / Adducin (α-adducin)
Adducin (β-adducin) / Ser-716 and Ser-726
Ser-703 and Ser-713 / [1]
[1]
PKCs / α-helical head domain of desmin / Ser-12, Ser-29, Ser-38, and Ser-56 / [2]
PKCs / α2A-adrenergic receptor / Ser-232 / [3]
PKCs / α3A integrin / Ser-1042 / [4]
PKCs / α4 subunit of α4β2 neuronal nicotinic receptors / Thr-532/Ser-550 (in vitro/in vivo) / [5, 6]
PKCs / α6A integrin subunit / Ser-1041 / [7, 8]
PKCα / α6-tubulin / Ser-165 / [9]
PKCs / Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid precursor protein / Ser-655 / [10, 11]
PKCs / Angiotensin II receptor (AT1A) / Ser-331, Ser-338, and Ser-348 / [12]
PKCs / Annexin I (also known as calpactin II, p35, or lipocortine I) / Thr-24, Ser-27, Ser-28, and Thr-41 (major phosphorylation site, Ser-27 and Thr-41) / [13, 14]
PKCα, βΙ, and βII / Annexin II (also known as calpactin I, p36, or lipocortine II) / Ser-25 / [15, 16]
cPKCs / Annexin IV (also known as endonexin I or p33/40) / Thr-6 / [17]
cPKCs / Avian retrovirus matrix protein / Ser-68 and Ser-106 / [18]
PKCθ and ε / Bad (Bcl-associated death protein) / Ser-112 / [19]
PKCι / Ser-112, Ser-136, and Ser-155 / [20]
PKCs / basic fibroblast growth factor (also known as bFGF, FGF2, or FGF-β) / Ser-64 / [21]
PKCα / Bcl-2 / Ser-70 / [22]
PKCδ / Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) / Ser-187 / [23]
PKCα / β-catenin / Ser-33, Ser-37, and Ser-45 / [24]
PKCs / β2-adrenergic receptor / Ser-261, Ser-262, Ser-344, and Ser-345 / [25, 26]
PKCs / β4 integrin subunit / Ser-1360 / [27]
PKCα / β4 integrin subunit / Ser-1360 and Ser-1364 / [28]
PKCs / BK channel (large Ca2+-activated potassium channel) / Ser-695 and Ser-1151 / [29]
PKCε / Borna disease virus P-protein / Ser-26 and Ser-28 / [30]
PKCs / Bradykinin B2 receptor / Ser-346 / [31]
PKCs / Canonical transient receptor potential channel subtype 3 (TRPC3)
TRPC5
TRPC6A
TRPC6B / Ser-712
Thr-972
Ser-748
Ser-714 / [32]
[33]
[34]
[34]
PKCδ / TRPC6 / Ser-448 / [35]
PKCs / Cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-c) (also known as MYBPC3) / Ser-273 and Ser-302/Ser-265 and Ser-300 (human/chicken) / [36, 37]
PKCs / Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II (CaM kinases II) / Thr-286 / [38]
PKCs / CD33 (known as Siglec-3) / Ser-307 / [39]
PKCs / cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG or cGK) 1α / Thr-58 / [40]
PKCs / Chaperone or modulatory protein 14-3-3 / Ser-58, Ser-59, and Ser-60 for 14-3-3ζ, 14-3-3η, and 14-3-3β, respectively / [41]
cPKCs / Choline acetyltransferase / Thr-255, Ser-346, Ser-347, Ser-440, and Ser-476
(nPKCs and aPKCs phosphorylate Ser-440 and Ser-476) / [42]
PKCα / c-kit-encoded tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor (Kit/SCFR) / Ser-741 and Ser-746 / [43]
PKCζ / c-Myc / Ser-373 / [44]
PKCε / Connexin 43 (Cx43) (also known as gap junction α-1 protein) / Ser-262
Ser-368 / [45]
[46]
PKCs / CPI-17 (protein kinase C-dependent inhibitory of 17 kDa) / Thr-38 / [47]
PKCs / CTP synthetase 1 / Ser-462 and Thr-455 / [48]
PKCγ
cPKCs / Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)γ accessory domain
DGKδ1 PH domain / Ser-776 and Ser-779
Ser-22 and Ser-26 / [49]
[50]
PKCα / Dynamin I / Ser-795 / [51]
PKCs / Dystrophin / Ser-136 and Ser-147 / [52]
PKCα / ELAV-like protein HuR (HuA) / Ser-158 and Ser-221 / [53]
PKCs / Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) / Thr-495/497 (human/bovine) / [54, 55]
PKCs / Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) / Thr-654 / [56, 57]
PKCι / Epithelial cell transformaing sequence 2 (Ect2) / Thr-328 / [58]
PKCδ / ErbB3-binding protein 1 (EBP1) / Ser-360 / [59]
PKCδ
PKCβΙ / Eukaryotic elongation factor 1α (eEF-1α) / Thr-431
Ser-53 / [60]
[61]
PKCs / Eukaryotic initiation factor-2β (eIF-2β)
eIF-2γ
eIF-4E / Ser-13
Thr-66
Ser-209 and Thr-210 / [62]
[63]
[64]
PKCα / Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) (also known as NR1H4) / Ser-135 and Ser-154 / [65]
PKCs / Fms-interacting protein (FMIP) / Ser-5 and Ser-6 / [66]
PKCs / γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor β1 subunit
GABAA receptor β2 subunit
GABAA receptor γ2S subunit
GABAA receptor γ2L subunit / Ser-409
Ser-410
Ser-327
Ser-343 / [67]
[68]
[67, 68]
[67]
PKCs / GluA1 AMPA receptor subunit / Ser-831 / [69, 70]
PKCα and γ / Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) / Ser-42 and Ser-148 in the absence of glutathione / [71]
PKCα, βI, βII, γ, δ, ε, η, and ζ / Ser-42 and Ser-148 in the presence of glutathione
PKCα, βII, γ, δ, and η
(PKCβII and δ are very weak) / Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3α / Ser-21 / [72]
PKCα, βI, and γ / GSK-3β / Ser-9 / [73]
PKCα, βI, and η / Ser-9 / [72]
PKCs / G protein α subunit Gzα / Ser-25 and Ser-27 / [74]
PKCα, δ, and ζ / G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) [also known as β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARK)] / Ser-29 / [75, 76]
PKCs / GRK5 / Ser-566 and Ser-572 / [77]
PKCα / GTPase activating protein (GAP) p190A / Ser-1221 and Thr-1226 / [78]
PKCs / GTP-binding protein γ12 / Ser-1 / [79]
PKCδ / Heat-shock protein-25/27 / Ser-15 and Ser-86 / [80]
PKCs / Hepatitis B virus surface M protein (C-termimally truncated middle size protein) / Ser-28 / [81]
PKCs / Hepatitis C virus core protein / Ser-116 / [82]
PKCs / Hepatocyte growth factor receptor kinase / Ser-985 / [83]
PKCζ / Heterogeneous ribonuscleoprotein A1 / Ser-199 + three unknown sites / [84]
cPKCs and PKCδ / High-mobility-group protein-1 / Ser-44 and Ser-64 / [85]
PKCs / Histamin H1 receptor (H1R) / Ser-398 / [86]
PKCs / Histone H1 / Ser-103 / [87]
PKCβΙ / Histone H3 / Thr-6 / [88]
PKCε and β / Ser-10 / [89]
PKCs / HIV-1 gag protein / Ser-111 / [90]
PKCδ / HuR / Ser-318 / [91]
PKCε / IKKβ / Ser-177 / [92]
PKCs / Insulin receptor / Thr-1336 / [93]
PKCζ / Insulin-responsive aminopeptidase (IRAP) / Ser-80 and Ser-91 / [94]
PKCδ
PKCθ
PKCβII
PKCδ
PKCζ / Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) (human)
IRS-1 (human)
IRS-1 (mouse)
IRS-1 (rat)
IRS-1 (rat) / Ser-24, Ser-307, Ser-323, and Ser-574
Ser-1101
Ser-336
Ser 357
Ser-318, Ser-498, Ser-570, and Ser-612 (major phosphorylation site, Ser-318) / [95, 96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100, 101]
PKCι / Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) / Thr-66 / [102]
PKCs / Interleukin-2 (IL-2) / Ser-7 / [103]
PKCs / Iron-responsive element-binding protein / Ser-138 and Ser-711 / [104]
cPKCs / Junctional adhesion molecule (JAM) / Ser-284 / [105]
PKCε / Keratin 8 / Ser-8 and Ser-23 / [106]
PKCε / Keratin 18 / Ser-52 / [107]
PKCδ and ε / Kv3.1b potassium channel / Ser-503 / [108]
PKCα, βΙ, βII, γ, δ, and θ
All PKCs except PKCη / L-type Ca2+ channel (also known as voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel or Cav1.2 α1c) / Ser-1674
Ser-1928 / [109]
[109, 110]
PKCs / L-myc / Ser 38 and Ser 42 / [111]
PKCs / Lens fiber major intrinsic protein / Ser-245 / [112]
PKCs / Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)
MAP4 / Ser-1703, Ser-1711, and Ser-1728
Ser-815 / [113]
[114]
cPKCs / Myelin basic protein (MBP) / Ser-110 and Ser-115 / [115]
PKCs / Ser-8, Ser-11, Ser-46, Ser-55, Ser-110, Ser-132, Ser-151, and Ser-161 / [116]
PKC βII / Myristoylated alanin-rich kinase substrate (MARCKS) (also known as p80 and p87) / Ser-152 and Ser-156 (murine) / [117]
PKCs / Ser-45, Ser-80, Ser-99, and Ser-116 (bovine)
Ser-152, Ser156, and Ser-163 (murine) / [118]
[119]
PKCs / NADPH oxidase activator 1 (NOXA1) / Ser-172 / [120]
PKCζ
cPKCs / NADPH oxidase component p47phox / Ser-303, Ser-304, and Ser-315
Ser-303, Ser-304, Ser-320, and Ser-328 / [121]
[122]
PKCs / Na,K-ATPase α-subunit / Ser-11 and Ser-18
Ser-774 and Thr-938 / [123]
[124]
PKCs / NAP-22 (also known as GAP-23 and BASP1) / Ser-6 / [125]
PKCθ / NDRG2 (NDRG family member 2) / Ser-332 / [126]
PKCs / Neurogranin (also known as p17, BICKS, or RC3 protein) / Ser-36 / [127, 128]
PKCs / Neuronal growth-associated protein B-50 (also known as GAP-43, protein F1, p57, pp46, or neuromodulin) / Ser-41 (mammals)/Ser-42 (chick)
Ser-209 / [129, 130]
[131]
PKCα / NG2 proteoglycan / Thr-2256 / [132]
PKCs / N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 1 subunit / Ser-890 and Ser-896 / [133, 134]
PKCβII / Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA / Ser-1917 / [135]
PKCs / Nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB / Ser-362 and Ser-370/Ser-368 and Ser-370 (βF47/αF47) / [136]
cPKCs
PKCβII
PKCα / Nuclear lamin (also known as class V intermediate filament) A
Nuclear lamin B
Nuclear lamin C / Ser-5 and Ser-525
Ser-395 and Ser-405
Ser-572 / [137]
[138, 139]
[140]
PKCs / Nucleolar protein B23 (also known as nucleophosmin, numatrin, or nucleolar protein NO38) / Ser-225 / [141]
PKCη / Occludin / Thr-403 and Thr-404 / [142]
PKCs / Opi1p / Ser-26 / [143]
aPKCs (PKCζ and λ) / Par-1b kinase / T595 / [144, 145]
aPKCs / Par-3 / Ser-827 / [146]
PKCs / P-glycoprotein / Ser-661 / [147]
PKCs / Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PI-TP)α / Ser-166 / [148]
PKCs / Phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3A / Ser-312, Ser-428, Ser-438, Ser-465, and Ser-492 / [149]
PKCζ / 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) / Ser-55, Thr-57, and Thr-78 / [150]
PKCθ / Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) / Ser-504 and Ser-532 / [151]
PKCs / Phospholemman (PLM) (also known as FXYD1) / Ser-63 and Ser-68
Thr-69 / [152]
[153]
PKCs / Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) / Ser-2, Thr-147, and Ser-561 / [154]
PKCδ / Phospholipid scramblase / Thr-161 / [155]
PKCs / Phosphoprotein enriched in diabetes-15 (PED-15) [(also known as phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes (PEA)-15] / Ser-104 / [156]
PKCζ / Phosphoprotein of human parainfluenza virus type 3 / Ser-333 / [157]
PKCα, β, γ, and ζ / Phosphoprotein of rabies virus / Ser-162, Ser-210, and Ser-271 / [158]
PKCs / pp60src / Ser-12 / [159, 160]
PKCζ / Profilin / Ser-137 / [161]
PKCs / Protamine P1
Protamine P2 (stallion) / Ser-21 for human and Ser-29 for stallion
Ser-32 / [162, 163]
[162]
PKCα / Protein interacting with C kinase 1 (PICK1) / Ser-77 / [164]
PKCε and η/δ
PKCδ / Protein kinase D / Ser-744 and Ser-748/Ser-738 and Ser-742 (mouse/human)
Ser-412 (human) / [165, 166]
[167]
PKCs / Protein phosphatase inhibitor-1 / Ser-65 / [168]
PKCs / Protein tyrosine phosphate PTP-PEST / Ser-39 and Ser-435 / [169]
PKCs / p120-catenin / Ser-873 / [170]
aPKCs (PKCζ) / p21 [cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor] / Ser-146 / [171]
PKCs / Ser-153 / [172]
PKCα
PKCδ / p53 tumor suppressor / Ser-371 (human)
Ser-46 / [173]
[174]
PKCs / Ser-360, Thr-365, Ser-370, Thr-371, Ser-372, and Thr-377 (mouse) / [175, 176]
PKCδ / p73β (one of p53 homologs) / Ser-289 / [177]
PKCs / Rad / Ser-214, Ser-257, Ser-273, Ser-290, and Ser-299 / [178]
PKCα / Raf-1 / Ser-497 and Ser-499 / [179]
PKCs / Ser-497 and Ser-619 / [180]
cPKCs and aPKCs / Raf kinase inhibitory protein / Ser-153 / [181]
PKCθ
PKCθ / RasGRP2 (Ras guanine-releasing protein 2)
RasGRP3 / Ser-960
Thr-133 / [182]
[183]
PKCs / Ras p21 (H-ras p21 and K-ras p21) / Ser-177 for H-ras p21 and Ser 181 for K-ras p21 / [184-186]
PKCs / Receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase (RPTP)α / Ser-180 and Ser-204 / [187]
PKCζ / RelA / Ser-311 / [188]
PKCα / Retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor (ROR)α / Ser-35 / [189]
cPKCs / Ribosomal protein S6 / Ser-5, Ser-9, and Ser-11 / [190]
PKCβΙ, βII, and δ / Ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) βII / Ser-486 / [191]
PKCε / RhoA / Thr-127 and Ser-188 / [192]
PKCs / Rhodopsin / Ser-334 / [193]
PKCα / RLIP76 / Thr-297 / [194]
PKCs / ROMK1 (also known as KIR1.1) / Ser-4 and Ser-201 / [195]
PKCs / Seminal vesicle protein IV / Ser-58 / [196]
PKCs / SM22 (also known as smooth muscle protein 22 or transgelin) / Ser-181 / [197]
PKCs / Smooth muscle caldesmon / Ser-127, Ser-587, Ser-600, Ser-657, Ser-686, and Ser-726 (major phosphorylation site, Ser-587 and Ser-600) / [198, 199]
PKCs / Smooth muscle myosin light chain / Ser-1 and/or Ser-2 and Thr-9 / [200, 201]
PKCζ / Sp1 (specificity protein 1) / Ser-641 / [202]
PKCδ / Stat3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) / Ser-727 / [203]
PKCε / Ser-727 / [204]
PKCs / Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) / Ser-187 / [205]
PKCs / Synaptotagmin Ι / Thr-112 / [206]
PKCs / Syndecan cytoplasmic domain / Ser-197 and Ser-339 / [207]
PKCs / Tac antigen (interleukin 2 receptor) / Ser-247 and Ser-250 / [208]
PKCs / Talin (cytoskeletal protein) / Thr-144, Thr-150, and Ser-425 / [209]
PKCs / Tau (microtubule-associated proteins) / Ser-293, Ser-305, and Ser-324 / [210, 211]
PKCs / Transcription factor C/EBP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) / Ser-248 / [212]
PKCε / Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) (known as capsaicin receptor or vanilloid receptor) / Ser-800 / [213]
PKCs / Transferrin receptor / Ser-24 / [214]
PKCδ / Troponin I (TnI) (bovine) / Ser-23/Ser-24 / [215]
PKCs / Ser-43/45, Ser-78, and Thr-144 / [216, 217]
PKCα, δ, and ε / Troponin T (TnT) (bovine) / Thr-190, Thr-194, Thr-199, and Thr-280 / [215]
PKCs / Thr-190, Thr-199, and Thr-280
Thr-197, Ser-201, Thr-206, and Thr-287 (functionally critical phosphorylation site, Thr-206) / [216]
[218]
PKCε / UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A7 / Ser-432 / [219]
PKCs / Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) / Ser-157 / [220]
PKCs / Vimentin / Ser-4, Ser-6, Ser-7, Ser-8, and Ser-9 / [221, 222]
PKCα / Vinculin / Ser-1033 and Ser-1045 / [223]
PKCs / Vitronectin / Ser-362 / [224]
PKCβ / Vitamin D receptor / Ser-51 / [225]
PKCs / Yeast choline kinase / Ser-30 / [226]
a PKCs, unknown PKC isozymes; cPKCs, conventional or classic PKCs; and aPKCs, atypical PKCs.
Supplementary references
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