Campaign Theory of Change
Knowledge / attitude / interpersonal communication / barrier removal / behaviour change / threat reduction / conservation resultIncrease knowledge of economic, social and biological benefits of well managed tabu areas and the threats posed by internal poaching and adhoc tabu openings. / Becoming willing to engage in activities towards reducing the threat posed by internal poaching and adhoc tabu openings on the ecological benefits that can be derived from tabu areas.
Target audiences will have respect for the tabu areas and for leadership. / Increase the number of peer to peer (between LMMA sites within the campaign site) and site to site (between campaign sites) interactions.
Villages, community groups, churches, and LMMA related meetings and committees all represent strong opportunities for sharing knowledge and building support. / 1. Lack of financial management in households and as a community leading to pressure to open tabu areas on an adhoc basis.
TOOL: Financial literacy training
2. Lack of access to information on, and culturally accepted process for, tabu closure/opening.
TOOL: Explicit process for opening and closing tabu areas.
3. Lack of respect for chiefs leading to “conflict fishing” and other issues preventing successful marine management.
TOOL: Leadership governance training. / Change behavior of fisherfolk within the LMMA communities:
1. Stop poaching in tabu areas.
Change behavior of local leaders/chiefs:
1. Help create, implement, and support anexplicit process for opening and closing tabu areas.
2. Improved governance within their communities around the use of the LMMAs.
3. Establish and implement effective enforcement regimes and monitoring protocols. / 1. Uncontrolled opening and closing of tabu areas.
2. Poaching within tabu areas by “insiders”.
MEASURES:
50 – 100% reduction in incidence of poaching by resident community members as reported using the compliance and enforcement logbooks. / Short term:
Within 2 years a significant increase in fish biomass and overall trophic structure within the tabu area.
Medium Term: Within 5 years a significantly greater biomass within adjacent fished areas compared to adjacent non-managed fishing grounds.
MEASURES:
1. An increase in Fish Biomass as measured by CPUE (Catch Per unit effort) in the tara area adjacent to the tabu areas of LMMA sites that retain permanently closed tabu areas.
2. A maintenance of fish biomass as measured by CPUE within tabu areas of
LMMA sites that periodically open their tabu.
Theory of Change narrative:
To eliminate the threat of poaching and overfishing within tabu areas the key target audience (fishermen) will be made aware of the value of tabu areas and the long term benefits of tabu areas as opposed to opening and closing the tabu areas sporadically. The Chiefs and fishermen will be engaged in discussions on establishing a set of guidelines and best practices for the control of opening and closing of tabu areas. In addition to the guidelines, the communities will undergo trainings on Financial Literacy to guide them and help out with saving money for future events instead of overfishing and continuously opening and closing the tabu areas. Chiefs will be made aware also of the benefits of long term closure so that they can make well informed decisions on when to open and close tabu areas as these are the people who will have the final say on this matter. The Fiji Pride Campaign will be deemed successful if there is an increase in fish biomass by 20% by the end of 2010.
K+ A + IC + BR BC TR CR
INTRODUCTION
The FLMMA Fiji Pride Campaign will be done in the 2 provinces of Macuata and Cakaudrove on the island of Vanua Levu. The key target audiences are both the Fishermen in the LMMA sites within the two provinces. The two key threats targeted at the site are (i).Uncontrolled opening and closing of tabu areas & (ii). Poaching within tabu areas by “insiders”.
LMMA sites within Cakaudrove are 8 districts and 31 villages with a total population of 6915.These are mainly coastal villages. This is also the case for the WWF site within the province of Macuata or Qoliqoli Cokavata .This site has 4 districts with 46 villages and apopulation of 5313. For the IAS site which is Tikina Namuka/Dogotuki/Udu., there are 4 districts, population of 1037 and 10 villages who have LMMA’s.
Through the survey results, there was a high indication of the differences in flagship species for each of the campaign sites, Kalia for Macuata and Shark spp.for Cakaudrove.For the Social Marketing Campaign, there have been a number of activities identified but still need further discussion on and final endorsement and approval after pre‐testing with communities. Some of the activities identified are: posters, messages on VodafoneRecharge Cards, T‐shirts for volunteers and Steering Committee, Banner, Mascots, Mural in the community halls done by children. This will also include Mass Media like newspaper articles, radio spots, etc.
SITE SUMMARY
COUNTRY (UN), State orProvince
FIJI
Site Name Provinces of Cakaudrove and Macuata
RarePlanet URL
Project Dates February 09 (University Phase) to November 2010 (project completion)
Cohort information(Cohort name, number and principal manager) / Node: Pride English Program (Arlington, VA, USA)
Name: PEP1 (9 Stars Coming to America)
Number: FIJILM
Manager: Adam Murray
Lead Agency Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area Network (FLMMA)
Lead Agency Contact
(1) Prof. William Aalbersberg (Director of Institute of Applied Sciences),
Institute of Applied Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology,
University of the South Pacific,
Suva.
Ph: 3232966
Fax: 3231534
(2)Mr. Sunia Waqainabete (FLMMA Chairman/Senior Research Officer‐Fisheries Department)
P.O. Box 3165, Lami.
Ph: (679) 3361122 Ext: 141
Fax: 3361184
(3) Ms. Kesaia Tabunakawai (WWF SPPO Representative)
4 Ma’afu Street,
Suva.
Ph: (679) 3315533 Ext: 120
Fax: 3315410
Mobile: (679) 9926410
Campaign Manager Name Mrs. Margaret Tabunakawai‐Vakalalabure
Secretariat (FLMMA) /Fisheries Assistant, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries & Forests
Key threat addressed
(i). Uncontrolled opening and closing of tabu areas.
(ii). Poaching within tabu areas by “insiders”.
IUCN Threat Category:
5. Biological Resource Use
5.4. Fishing & harvesting aquatic resources
5.4.1. Intentional mortality (human use – subsistence/small scale)
Key Biodiversity Target Fish biomass in Tabu areas and improved ecosystem health.
Campaign Slogan “I love my Tabu”
(THIS HAS YET TO BE CONFIRMED THROUGH CONSULTATIONS AND PRE‐TESTING OF MATERIALS).
Key Audiences (i) Fisherfolk in communities with LMMAs from both Provinces
(ii) Community leaders from LMMAs from both Provinces
Scope of Campaign
Cakaudrove:
26 villages
24 sites with LMMAs
Total Size of LMMAs = 576.32 sq km² Total Size of NTZs = 39.06 sq km²
LMMA % that’s NTZs = 6. 8%
Macuata:
46 villages
17 sites with LMMAs
Total Size of LMMAs = 1,580.97 sq km² Total Size of NTZs = 40.7 sq.km²
LMMA % that’s NTZs = 2. 6%
Site description
Fiji has 14 provinces and out of these 14 provinces, 12 are members of the Fiji Locally Managed Marine Area Network (FLMMA).
There are three provinces that have been very successful in the setting up of the Yaubula Management Support Teams (YMST) in their provinces which is a step forward that FLMMA is looking to decentralization its projects and efforts from the main city towards the project sites.
The specific focus for this Campaign will be done in Macuata and Cakaudrove.
The Province of Cakaudrove:
- 1/14 provinces in Fiji; 1/3 of Vanualevu
- 15 districts
- Land area 2,816 km2
- Provincial Population = 49,339 (2008 Census)
- ~133 villages mostly coastal
- Urban center – Savusavu Hidden Paradise
- ~35 I qoliqoli (traditional fishing grounds)
- Diverse land mass
- Rich in flora and fauna
- Potential tourism development sites
- Few community based MPA’s
(Meo.S.2008
The Province of Macuata:
Tikina Namuka/Dogotuki/Nadogo/Udu:
- Nadogo : 3 coastal villages and 4 inland , population is 900, Customary Fishing Right Areas (CFRA)1 are Vanua Nadogo andSawana. Main sources of income are fishing, farming and copra.
- Namuka: 8 coastal and 3 inland villages, population is 700, CFRA is Vanua Namuka and Dogotuki , Main sources of income are fishing, farming and copra production.
- Dogotuki: 5 coastal and 4 inland, population is 600, CRFA is Vanua Namuka and Dogotuki. Main sources of income are fishing,farming and copra.
- Udu: 5 coastal villages, population is 590, CFRA is Vanua Udu and Macuata‐i‐wai. Main sources of income are fishing, farming andcopra.
(Fong, S: 2008)
Tikina Dreketi/Sasa/Mali/Macuata:
- 17 sites/LMMA’s
- 46 villages
- Provincial Population = 72,441 (2008 Census)
- The districts of Dreketi, Macuata, Mali and Sasa, in the province of Macuata on Vanua Levu, the 2nd largest island in Fiji.
- Contains 37 of the poorest coastal communities, where livelihoods are virtually entirely dependent on fishing and subsistencefarming.
Ecosystem type (IUCN)
9. MarineNeritic
9.8. Coral Reef
9.8.1. Outer Reef Channel
9.8.2. Back Slope
9.8.3. Foreslope (Outer Reef slope)
9.8.4. Lagoon
9.8.5. Inter Reef Soft Substrate
9.8.6. Inter Reef Rubble Substrate
9.9. Seagrass(submerged)
9.10. Estuaries
1 CFRA: Customary Fishing Right Areas: The right to fish in waters is termed as fishing rights that are communally owned by a yavusawhichconsist of many mataqali. The fishing area is called qoliqoli. Fishing rights mean a great deal to the Fijians both traditionally andeconomically.The boundaries are defined with reference to proximity to its settlement. No take areas within the qoliqoli are known as tabu areas.
Other protected area status
Tikina Naduri/Sasa/Mali/Macuata has a qoliqoli area known in Fiji as the Cakaulevu or The Great Sea Reef. This is the third longest barrier reef in the world, with an exceptional level of endemism and intact systems of lagoons, channels, mangroves and seagrass habitats.
Hectares addressed by campaign
Macuata: 210,200 ha
Cakaudrove: 273,700 ha
CONSERVATION BENEFITS
Conservation benefit by 2010(interim success)
Increase in fish biomass in Cakaudrove and Macuata Provinces tabu areas by 20% by end of 2010.
Sustained Conservation ground-truthedin 2013(ultimate success)
Improve ecosystem health as measured by ratios between trophic levels through fish communitystructure by 2013.
(i). An increase in Fish Biomass as measured by CPUE (Catch Per unit effort) in the tara area adjacent to the tabu areas of LMMA sites that retain permanently closed tabu areas.
(ii).A maintenance of fish biomass as measured by CPUE within tabu areas of LMMA sites that periodically open their tabu.
Province / District / No of households / No of fishing trips / No of fish caught / No of inverts caught / Date of 1st record / Date of last recordCakaudrove / Navatu / 5 / 67 / 191 / 52 / 12-Oct-07 / 04-Oct-08
Cakaudrove / Saqani / 28 / 209 / 734 / 42 / 02-Jan-08 / 10-Dec-08
Macuata / Dogotuki / 3 / 61 / 273 / 14 / 06-Dec-07 / 04-Mar-08
Macuata / Namuka / 30 / 380 / 887 / 211 / 10-Sep-07 / 08-Dec-08
These targets have been ground truthed for feasibility by fellow scientist at the University of the South Pacific, James Comley.
SUSTAINABILITY PLAN
Strategic Plan The Strategic Plan for Fiji Locally Managed Marine Areas is looking into incorporating this campaign andreciprocates this across our member sites as a project on the opening/closing of tabu areas and workingwith internal poachers. This Plan will come into place in September 2009.Activities for the campaign arealso incorporated into the Communication & Awareness Working Group Strategic Plans for the next 5years. The plan is looking at continuing this strategy for the next 5 years with the rest of our sites.
Staff training The Campaign Manager, Margaret is undertaking the necessary phase course work for her MastersDegree in Communications from the University of Texas in El Paso and is attaining the skills learnt tocarry out the campaign work. Training will occur for the Qoliqoli Committee Members in Financial Literacy, Leadership Management Training forthe chiefs and community leaders.Training monitored by PPM during support visits.
Resource sustainability
Campaign Manager is in a salaried position. Funding is currently being sourced from LMMA donors and in-house amongst FLMMA Partners.
This will also be monitored by Rare’s associated Pride Program Manager during support visits.
Regression of behavior and the need for sustained messaging
For a process to be developed and guidelines set out on how to go about opening and closing tabuareas and the monitoring mechanisms in place. This is to control the catch and note lessons learned and“what worked” and “what did not work”, for the tabu areas. These guidelines need to be emphasized toleaders and villagers and need to be respected. One way this would be made mandatory to be followed,it is recognized and acknowledged at the Provincial Meetings and have traditional penalties in place ifnot followed through.In the event of a village function, it would be interesting to see whether the guidelines would still be followed.
BARRIER REMOVAL PLAN SUMMARY
To establish and encourage with the communities a set of guidelines and best practices on the opening and closing of tabu areas withincommunities to be done with partner organizations. This will be a preventative measure in controlling poaching within the tabu areas. Focus isalso on the internal poachers and trying to work out the reasons behind them poaching.Barrier removal Strategy for Fiji looks at controlling the opening and closing of tabu areas and getting the internal poachers to respect theboundaries of the tabu area. The objectives of the strategy are focusing on the community at large with specific focus on the qoliqolicommittees and the chiefs.It will look at actions such as implementing a Financial Literacy Training with the communities, Leadership and Governance Training for chiefs toimplementing a process of consultation with partners upon the opening of tabu areas and a commitment to adhere to this process.This Financial Literacy Training has been implemented and had a follow up process within the WWF sites, as not yet in the upper Macuata areaand for the site in Cakaudrove. Partners who will be engaged to assist in this training are the WWF site officers who have already been trainedto facilitate in this training and together with ANZ Rural Banking, UNDP and NCSMED.
Financial Literacy Training is targeted towards those who are head of households and who are in control of the cash flow. Leadership Training is
targeted specifically towards the chiefs and turaganiyavusa.In addressing the internal poachers there are activities in place to contain what exactly are the reasons as to why they poach whether itsbecause they are rebelling against the tabu area, they have a conflict of which they are using the tabu area to get back.FLMMA Partners with the inclusion of possible 3 Barrier Removal Partners will be the main players during the campaign. Not all of the 17partners will be involved in the campaign as it does not directly affect their organization but there will be 3 main partners (USP,WWFFisheries) involved as it directly affects the sites they are working in. Level of commitment will be different at different stages of the campaign.The Barrier Removal Program is to start immediately with the compilation and gathering of documents and making the initial contact withpossible barrier removal partners. The duration of the campaign has an initial beginning phase with, most possibly from August 2009‐October2010.Funding will vary between the different activities ranging from as low as $5,000 to $10,000. Funding is hopefully to be secured withFLMMA and with continuing grants with FLMMA.
ACTION & MONITORING PLAN FOR FISHERFOLKS
ACTION PLAN FOR REACHING FISHERFOLK IN LMMA COMMUNITIESACTION PLAN / MONITORING PLAN
Goals / Results needed / SMART Objectives / Required tools / Partner / Metric / Method / Target / Frequency / By whom / Where
Conservation Result goal: / Increase species health, in terms of both fish biomass and overall trophic levels.
Note: fish biomass does not necessary equate to increased number of endangered species. The occurrence of endangered species is dependent upon a range of biogeography parameters only one of which is human perturbation.
/ By 2014, there will be a statistically significant (at the 95% confidence interval) increase in the mean size of the top 4 most commercially important fish species caught pre and post intervention within the majority of the fishing grounds in the campaign area.
By 2014, there will be a statistically significant (at the 95% confidence interval) increase in the proportion of piscivorous fish caught by netting across a majority of fishing grounds within the campaign area.
/ (i) Biological Monitoring equipment (already with sites) / WWF, IAS, Fisheries, CYMST, Macuata Qoliqoli Committees / Fish biomass and trophic levels within adjacent non-managed fishing grounds (tara). / CPUE / Short term: within 2 years a significant increase in fish biomass and overall trophic structure within the tabu area.
Medium Term: Within 5 years a significantly greater biomass within adjacent fished areas compared to adjacent non-managed fishing grounds. / Pre & Post Campaign (TBD)
Baseline data is taken from 2008 and 2009. / BM Group at sites,Qoliqoli Committee(QC) monitored by Site Liasion Officer (SLO) / At three sites in the two provinces.
Threat reduction goals: / To have the community leaders make informed decisions on when to open/close tabu areas. To have community leaders to agree to have violations/penalties/by-laws targetted for 'inside poachers'. / 50 – 100% reduction in incidence of poaching by resident community members. / Logbooks and training at X sites in Macuata and Y sites in Cakaudrove. / FLMMA Partners / The incidence of poaching by resident community members (“insiders”) in their tabu areas. / Reporting using the Compliance & Enforcement Logbooks / TBD / Every 3 months (tbc) / FLMMA / Through email- consultations, meetings amongst partners. With community reps at the FLMMA Annual National learning workshop in DEC 2009.
Behavior Change / Get the fishermen to conform to the guidelines and best practices of "opening and closing of tabu areas".
For fisherfolk to report poachers using the logbook system. / By the end of September 2010, 21.5% of fishermen in Cakaudrove would have been out to tabu area, seen poachers and did report the incident ,up from 1.5%, a 20 percentage point increase. (Q25 A)