President Barack Obama’s Commencement Speech for Morehouse University

Abridged, May 2013

L = LogosE=EthosP= Pathos

….Now, graduates, I am humbled to stand here with all of you as an honorary Morehouse Man. I finally made it. And as I do, I’m mindful of an old saying: “You can always tell a Morehouse Man — but you can’t tell him much.” And that makes my task a little more difficult, I suppose. But I think it also reflects the sense of pride that’s[WU1] always been part of this school’s tradition[WU2].

Benjamin Mays, who served as the president of Morehouse[WU3] for almost 30 years, understood that tradition better than anybody. He said — and I quote — “It will not be sufficient for Morehouse College, for any college, for that matter, to produce clever graduates — but rather honest men, men who can be trusted in public and private life — men who are sensitive to the wrongs, the sufferings, and the injustices of society and who are willing to accept responsibility for correcting (those) ills[WU4].”

It was that mission — not just to educate men, but to cultivate good men, strong men, upright men — that brought community leaders together just two years after the end of the Civil War.They assembled a list of 37 men, free blacks and freed slaves, who would make up the first prospective class of what later became Morehouse College. Most of those first students had a desire to become teachers and preachers[WU5] — to better themselves so they could help others do the same…

Dr. King was just 15 years old when he enrolled here at Morehouse[WU6]. He was an unknown, undersized, unassuming young freshman who lived at home with his parents. And I think it’s fair to say he wasn’t the coolest kid on campus — for the suits he wore, his classmates called him “Tweed.” But his education at Morehouse helped to forge the intellect, the discipline, the compassion, the soul force that would transform America. It was here that he was introduced to the writings of Gandhi and Thoreau[WU7], and the theory of civil disobedience. It was here that professors encouraged him to look past the world as it was and fight for the world as it should be. And it was here, at Morehouse, as Dr. King later wrote, where “I

realized that nobody — was afraid[WU8].”

I understand there’s a common fraternity creed here at Morehouse: “Excuses are tools of the incompetent used to build bridges to nowhere and monuments of nothingness.” Well, we’ve got no time for excuses. Not because the bitter legacy of slavery and segregation has vanished entirely; they have not. Not because racism and discrimination no longer exist; we know those are still out there. It’s just that in today’s hyper connected, hypercompetitive world, with millions of young people from China and India and Brazil — many of whom started with a whole lot less than all of you did — all of them entering the global workforce alongside you, nobody is going to give you anything that you have not earned[WU9].

Nobody cares how tough your upbringing was. Nobody cares if you suffered some discrimination. And moreover, you have to remember that whatever you’ve gone through, it pales in comparison to the hardships previous generations endured — and they overcame them. And if they overcame them, you can overcome them, too[WU10].

You now hail from a lineage and legacy of immeasurably strong men — men who bore tremendous burdens and still laid the stones for the path on which we now walk. You wear the mantle of Frederick Douglass and Booker T. Washington, and Ralph Bunche and Langston Hughes, and George Washington Carver and Ralph Abernathy and Thurgood Marshall, and, yes, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. These men were many things to many people. And they knew full well the role that racism played in their lives. But when it came to their own accomplishments and sense of purpose, they had no time for excuses…..

I was raised by a heroic single mom, wonderful grandparents — made incredible sacrifices for me. And I know there is moms and grandparents here today who did the same thing for all of you. But I sure wish I had had a father who was not only present, but involved[WU11].

I know that when I am on my deathbed someday, I will not be thinking about any particular legislation I passed; I will not be thinking about a policy I promoted; I will not be thinking about the speech I gave, I will not be thinking the Nobel Prize I received. I will be thinking about that walk I took with my daughters. I’ll be thinking about a lazy afternoon with my wife. I’ll be thinking about sitting around the dinner table and seeing them happy and healthy and knowing that they were loved. And I’ll be thinking about whether I did right by all of them[WU12]….

And I will tell you, Class of 2013, whatever success I have achieved, whatever positions of leadership I have held have depended less on Ivy League degrees or SAT scores or GPAs, and have instead been due to that sense of connection and empathy — the special obligation I felt, as a black man like you, to help those who need it most, people who didn’t have the opportunities that I had — because there but for the grace of God, go I — I might have been in their shoes[WU13]. I might have been in prison. I might have been unemployed. I

might not have been able to support a family. And that motivates me.

So it’s up to you to widen your circle of concern — to care about justice for everybody, white, black and brown[WU14]. Everybody. Not just in your own community, but also across this country and around the world. To make sure everyone has a voice, and everybody gets a seat at the table; that everybody, no matter what you look like or where you come from, what your last name is — it doesn’t matter, everybody gets a chance to walk through those doors of opportunity if they are willing to work hard enough.

Success may not come quickly or easily. But if you strive to do what’s right, if you work harder and dream bigger, if you set an example in your own lives and do your part to help meet the challenges of our time, then I’m confident that, together, we will continue the never-ending task of perfecting our union[WU15].

Congratulations, Class of 2013. God bless you. God bless Morehouse. And God bless the

United States of America[WU16].

[WU1]E- Appeals to them as “one of them” a partner providing a sense of unity and credibility.

[WU2]P- Appeals to emotion of belonging to a group embracing the same sense of pride.

[WU3]E- Appeals to credibility of their president, the leader of their college.

[WU4]P- Appeals to emotion of their need to take responsibility and necessity to represent their college by being honest men with integrity.

[WU5]P- Continuation of previous idea in WU4, but here adds an appeal to(E) ethos, a sense of belonging to and standing with the college’s 37 founding students.

[WU6]E- Appeal to the credibility of Dr. King as a former student and one of the most famous for carrying out the mission of the school.

[WU7]E- Appeal to credibility of representatives of the school’s mission of civil disobedience.

[WU8]P- Appeal to emotion of bravery as practiced by King.

[WU9]L- Appeal to logic of cause/effect relationship and compare/contrast relationship expressed in the creed. (Which is also an appeal to fraternity—ethos.)

[WU10]P- Appeals to emotion of compassion for the oppressed who suffered much for and overcame.

[WU11]P- Appeal to emotion of love and appreciation for parents/grandparents who sacrificed so they could be successful.

[WU12]P- Appeal to emotion of pride for their own love and self-sacrifice for their spouse and children.

[WU13]P- Appeal to emotion of empathy for others less fortunate than they are.

[WU14]P- Continuation of emotional appeal of responsibility to others from WU13.

[WU15]L- Logical appeal to cause/effect relationship of dream, work, and success (allusion to King and his dream).

[WU16]P- Emotional appeal to religious affiliation, God, religious beliefs.