Name______Date______Period______

PreAP/GT Biology Spring Final Exam Review 2014

Evolution:

  1. Darwin said that evolution occurred due to ______.
  2. According to Darwin, natural selection occurs due to:

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

  1. The ______does not evolve; the ______evolves.
  2. (Mutations / fitness) in DNA is/are the source of variation with a species. A “helpful” mutation (increases / decreases) fitness of the individual in its environment, where as a “harmful” mutation (increases / decreases) fitness. The frequency of the mutated gene will (increase/decrease) if it is a “helpful” mutation.
  3. The long neck of a giraffe is an example of a/an ______.
  4. Fossils in the lowest sedimentary rock layers are ______and ______than fossils found in higher layers of rock. This is an example of ______dating.
  5. The ______and most complex fossils are found in the ______layers of rock.
  6. The whale’s flipper and the arms of a human are examples of ______because they have the same bones but use them for different functions. They show evidence of a ______ancestor.
  7. The hip bones in whales and snakes are examples of (vestigial organs / homologous structures) because they serve no function.
  8. ______structures, such as the wing of an insect and the wing of a bird, have similar functions but originate from different embryological structures.
  9. All vertebrate embryos are (alike/ not alike) in that they all have similar patterns of development, especially in the very early stages, which suggests a ______ancestor.
  10. What is survival of the fittest? How does it apply to Natural selection?
  11. Label each type of evidence for evolution:

A.______B. ______C. ______D. ______

______

  1. Types of Natural Selection Practice:

_____a. Does not lead to speciation or evolution.

_____b. Cause one species to evolve into two different species.

_____c. Causes one species to evolve into a different species.

_____d. Type of selection that favors one extreme variation.

_____e. Type of selection that favors the average variation.

_____f. Type of selection that favors the two extreme variations.

  1. Label the types of selection:
  1. ______b. ______c.______
  1. What is genetic drift? What size of population is most affected by genetic drift?
  1. How does geographic and reproductive isolation lead to speciation?
  1. What is behavioral isolation? Give an example.
  1. Describe “survival of the fittest” and how it applies to natural selection.
  1. What is genetic equilibrium? What must occur in order for allele frequencies to remain constant?

Classification

What is the diagram below called?

Use the dichotomous key on the left to identify the four leaves

  1. Who came up with the classification system we use today?______
  2. Why is a standard taxonomic system important? ______
  3. The scientific name for the Grizzly Bear is Ursus arctus. In this name, the Ursus is the ______and arctus is the ______. Which part of the name is always capitalized? ______
  4. List the levels of classification from the least specific (broadest) to the most specific. ______

______

  1. If the Horse is in the same order as the zebra, what other classification levels do they have in common?

______

  1. Complete the chart with the characteristics of the kingdom, and then name an example.

kingdom / prokaryotic /
eukaryotic / autotrophic / heterotrophic / unicellular / multicellular / cell wall
composition / 2 examples
archaebacteria
eubacteria
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia / no cell wall
  1. Are viruses considered living? Explain.______
  2. How does HIV affect the body?
  3. What is required for viruses to reproduce?______
  4. Explain the differences between the lytic and lysogenic replication of viruses.
  1. What are the main differences between the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea (use chart on page 459)?
  2. How are bacteria helpful?
  1. Why are fungi ecologically important?
  1. What is the diagram to the right called?
  1. Which organisms evolved with vertebrae and lungs?
  1. What molecule do all organisms share?

Animal Systems

  1. What are the characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
  2. What are the levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest?
  3. Define homeostasis.
  1. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Defense?
  2. Integumentary System
  3. Skeletal System
  4. Muscular System
  5. Immune/Lymphatic System
  1. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Nutrient Absorption?
  1. Digestive
  2. Circulatory
  3. Respiratory
  1. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Reproduction?
  1. Reproductive
  2. Endocrine
  1. What is the function/purpose of the following systems for Regulation?
  1. Nervous
  2. Excretory
  1. What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?
  1. What system provides the glucose for this process?
  2. What system provides the oxygen for this process?
  3. Where in the cell does this process occur?
  1. What are the components of blood and their functions?
  1. White blood cells
  2. Platelets
  3. Red blood cells
  4. Plasma
  1. The female gametes are called ______and are released from the ______.
  2. The male gametes are called ______and are produced in the ______.
  3. What are the 3 types of muscle tissue? Give an example of each.
  1. What are the cells of the nervous system called?

Plant Systems

Fill in the Venn diagram comparing mosses and ferns with the terms provided:

Vascular EukaryoticTrue roots, stems, and leaves

Small sizeNonvascularNo true roots, stems, and leaves

MulticellularNeeds water for reproduction Found in moist shady habitats

PhotosyntheticReproduce w/ Spores Mosses

Ferns

Match the functions then label the pictures with the plant parts listed below:

_____1. Underground structure that help prevent soil erosion

_____2. Waxy covering on leaves that prevents water loss

_____3. Cells that surround leaf openings that control the amount of transpiration by closing during hot or dry times

_____4. The part of leaf where photosynthesis occurs

_____5. Type of vascular tissue that transports water through the roots, stems and leaves

_____6. Tiny projections that increase the surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients (minerals) from the soil

_____7. Opening found in leaves that allows for gas exchange and transpiration with the environment

_____8. Type of transport tissue that transports food through the leaves, stems and roots

9. The process by which water evaporates from the leaves of plants

10. Explain the difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms, including reproduction.

11. What is the equation for Photosynthesis? Label the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS.

12. What is the equation for Cellular Respiration? Label the REACTANTS and PRODUCTS.

13. What part of the plant carries out Photosynthesis?

14. Where does Cellular Respiration occur in the cell?

Ecology Levels of Organization in the Biosphere

Species → ______→ Community → ______→ Biome → Biosphere

  1. Species –
  2. Populations –
  3. Communities --
  4. Ecosystems –
  5. Biome --
  6. Biosphere --

ENERGY FLOW THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM

The flow of energy through an ecosystem begins with the_____, and is passed on through various organisms:

sun  producers  consumers  decomposers

  • Producers – ______ organisms that are able to make their own food from inorganic substances (photosynthesis).
  • Consumers – ______organisms that get energy by eating producers or other consumers.

1. Herbivores–
eats______
Ex. ______
/ 2. Carnivores–
Eats______
Ex.______/ 3. Omnivores-
Eats______
Ex.______
  • Decomposers – obtain energy from the______.

FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS

Each step in a food chain or web is called a______, or a feeding relationship between organisms.

FOOD CHAIN ______FOOD WEB ______

______

(Label each trophic level below)

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

Pyramid of Energy

A pyramid of energy is used to illustrate the amount of usable energy at each ______level.

• Only ______is passed on to the next trophic level

• The other 90% is ______.

Give an example of the 3 types of symbiotic relationships:

  1. Mutualism:
  1. Parasitism:
  1. Commensalism: