Practice Test Human Health and Solid Wastes (Ch. 18,22)

PRACTICE TEST HUMAN HEALTH AND SOLID WASTES (CH. 18,22)

Multiple Choice

Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____1.Risk is expressed as a probability of suffering from

a. / disease.
b. / economic loss.
c. / environmental damage.
d. / injury.
e. / All of these answers.

____2.All of the following are transmissible diseases except

a. / diabetes.
b. / pneumonia.
c. / diarrhea.
d. / tuberculosis.
e. / AIDS.

____3.All of the following are nontransmissible diseases except

a. / heart disease.
b. / cancer.
c. / hepatitis-B.
d. / malnutrition.
e. / asthma.

____4.Which of the following infectious diseases is not among the four most deadly?

a. / acute respiratory infections
b. / mumps
c. / malaria
d. / tuberculosis
e. / AIDS

____5.In which of the following situations would you predict an outbreak of an infectious disease is least likely to occur?

a. / Deforestation is rapid with large loss of biodiversity.
b. / The system is stable with little change.
c. / It's an El Niño-Southern Oscillation year.
d. / Agriculture is spreading to more marginal land.
e. / Both c and d.

____6.Which of the following choices makes the statement false? Bacteria

a. / can develop resistance to antibiotics.
b. / are K-strategists.
c. / have a high reproductive rate.
d. / are highly adaptable species.
e. / are r-selected species.

____7.The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing because

a. / strains of the TB bacterium have developed resistance to antibiotics.
b. / increased population size and the advanced age of the population.
c. / weakened immune systems from the spread of AIDS.
d. / poverty.
e. / All of these answers.

____8.All of the following are symptoms of malaria except

a. / general weakness and weakened immune system.
b. / chills and fever.
c. / enlarged spleen.
d. / blindness.
e. / anemia.

____9.Incidence of malaria has increased since 1970 because

a. / organisms causing malaria developed resistance to drugs.
b. / the vectors developed resistance to insecticides.
c. / reservoirs from hydropower have increased.
d. / All of these answers.
e. / None of these answers.

____10.We risk falling behind in our efforts to prevent infectious bacterial diseases because of the astounding reproductive rate of bacteria some of which can produce ____ million offspring in ____ hours.

a. / 8, 12.
b. / 8, 24.
c. / 16, 12.
d. / 16, 24.
e. / 16, 48.

____11.Since 1900, and especially since 1950, the incidences of infectious diseases and the death rates from such diseases have

a. / remained at the same levels.
b. / increased then leveled off.
c. / decreased then increased slightly.
d. / been greatly increased.
e. / been greatly reduced.

____12.In 1918, the highly potent virus that spread rapidly around the globe and killed between 20-50 million people within a few months was the

a. / Hong Kong flu.
b. / Asian flu.
c. / Spanish flu.
d. / bird flu.
e. / common flu.

____13.The Lyme disease bacterium is passed onto humans directly from

a. / foxes.
b. / deer.
c. / white mice.
d. / field mice.
e. / ticks.

____14.All of the following are expressions of harmful inheritable mutations in humans except

a. / hemophilia.
b. / cholera.
c. / sickle-cell anemia.
d. / manic depression.
e. / thalasseamia.

____15.Birth defects can be caused by

a. / radiation.
b. / viruses.
c. / chemicals.
d. / a and c only.
e. / All of these answers.

____16.Carcinogens cause

a. / genetic defects.
b. / birth defects.
c. / cancer.
d. / chronic health effects.
e. / Allergic reactions.

____17.Carcinogens may be

a. / viruses.
b. / radiation.
c. / chemicals.
d. / a and c only.
e. / All of these answers.

____18.The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the

a. / circulatory system.
b. / endocrine system.
c. / immune system.
d. / excretory system.
e. / skeletal system.

____19.The immune system can be made vulnerable to allergens, bacteria, and viruses through the action of

a. / some synthetic chemicals.
b. / ionizing radiation.
c. / viruses like HIV.
d. / All of these answers.
e. / None of these answers.

____20.The intake of synthetic mimics can severely disrupt the

a. / digestive system.
b. / endocrine system.
c. / circulatory system.
d. / respiratory system.
e. / immune system.

____21.You would predict that a hormone disrupter would most effect a(an)

a. / producer.
b. / primary consumer.
c. / secondary consumer.
d. / tertiary consumer.
e. / secondary producer.

____22.Match the statement with the best term listed. The term that is given to the type and amount of health damage that occurs from exposure to a chemical or other agent.

a. / bioaccumulation.
b. / biomagnification.
c. / persistence.
d. / response.
e. / dose.

____23.Match the statement with the best term listed. Relates to the fact that some molecules are absorbed and stored in specific organs or tissues at higher than normal levels.

a. / bioaccumulation.
b. / biomagnification.
c. / persistence.
d. / response.
e. / dose.

____24.A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is showing

a. / a chronic effect.
b. / a subchronic effect.
c. / an acute effect.
d. / a subacute effect.
e. / a superacute exposure.

____25.Dose and response may be affected by the chemical's

a. / solubility characteristics.
b. / biomagnification.
c. / antagonistic and synergistic interactions with other chemicals.
d. / persistence.
e. / All of these answers.

____26.Which statement is true?

a. / All chemicals are unsafe.
b. / Natural chemicals are safe, and synthetic chemicals are deadly.
c. / Synthetic chemicals are deadly, and natural chemicals are safe.
d. / Some chemicals, whether synthetic or natural, are safe and others are deadly.
e. / All chemicals are safe expect those that cause cancer.

____27.Which of the following includes the other four?

a. / risk assessment
b. / risk management
c. / risk analysis
d. / risk communication
e. / None of these answers.

____28.EPA science advisors consider all of the following to be high-risk ecological problems except

a. / global climate change.
b. / species extinction and loss of biodiversity.
c. / groundwater pollution.
d. / stratospheric ozone depletion.
e. / wildlife habitat destruction.

____29.Susceptibility to environmental stresses is increased in people already affected by

a. / poverty.
b. / disease.
c. / malnutrition.
d. / All of these answers.
e. / None of these answers.

____30.The strategy which would contribute least to longer lifespans would be

a. / no smoking.
b. / regular exercise.
c. / safe driving.
d. / regular sunbathing.
e. / good nutrition.

____31.Technology reliability would be least improved by careful

a. / maintenance.
b. / monitoring.
c. / job rotation.
d. / design.
e. / None of these answers.

____32.Risk management involves trying to answer all of the following questions except

a. / Which of the risks have top priority?
b. / How reliable is the risk-benefit analysis or risk assessment?
c. / How much risk is acceptable?
d. / Is it morally responsible to develop this risk?
e. / How much will it cost to reduce each risk to an acceptable level?

____33.Love Canal is located in

a. / Ohio.
b. / New York.
c. / California.
d. / Panama.
e. / Georgia.

____34.The company responsible for the dumping of toxic and cancer-causing wastes into an old canal excavation called the Love Canal was

a. / DuPont.
b. / Monsanto.
c. / Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation.
d. / the 3M Company
e. / Intel.

____35.Which of the following does not fit into one of the types of solid waste?

a. / garbage
b. / potentially recyclable materials
c. / mining waste
d. / food grower waste
e. / chemically active waste

____36.The recycling/composting rate of U.S. municipal solid waste is about

a. / 5%.
b. / 10%.
c. / 20%.
d. / 30%.
e. / 40%.

____37.____ percent of the solid waste produced in the United States is burned.

a. / Six
b. / Sixteen
c. / Twenty-six
d. / Thirty-six
e. / Twenty

____38.U.S. consumers throw away enough aluminum to rebuild the U.S. commercial airline fleet every

a. / 3 weeks.
b. / 3 months.
c. / 6 months.
d. / 8 months.
e. / 12 months.

____39.Which of the following is not a type of e-waste?

a. / discarded TV sets
b. / discarded computer printer paper
c. / discarded cell pones
d. / discarded e-toys
e. / discarded computer monitors

____40.Which is not one of the countries that receives a large percentage of the United States' e-waste?

a. / Canada
b. / China
c. / India
d. / Pakistan
e. / Nigeria

____41.Using a tire to make a swing is an example of ____.

a. / Refuse
b. / Reduce
c. / Reuse
d. / Repurpose
e. / Recycle

____42.As a form of waste reduction, reuse does all of the following except:

a. / decreases the use of matter resources
b. / decrease the use of energy resources
c. / cuts pollution and waste
d. / creates local jobs
e. / costs money

____43.How many U.S. states have bottle laws?

a. / one
b. / six
c. / eleven
d. / twenty-two
e. / fifty

____44.The least desirable final resting place for a used tire is

a. / in the foundation of a low-cost passive solar home.
b. / asphalt pavement.
c. / in an incinerator to produce electricity.
d. / in the landfill.
e. / None of these answers.

____45.Source separation differs from high-technology recycling plants in all but which of the following?

a. / It is cheaper.
b. / It provides greater income for unskilled labor and volunteer organizations.
c. / It produces less air and water pollution.
d. / It encourages higher throughput of matter.
e. / It saves more energy and provides more jobs per unit of material recycled.

____46.Recycling paper

a. / saves energy.
b. / creates jobs and saves money.
c. / conserves water and landfill space.
d. / decreases production costs.
e. / All of these answers.

____47.Consumers of recycled products are most effective when they maximize the amount of ____ waste in the products.

a. / pre-producer
b. / post-producer
c. / pre-consumer
d. / post-consumer
e. / producer

____48.Plastic is desirable because of its

a. / reusability.
b. / light weight.
c. / durability.
d. / unbreakability.
e. / All of these answers.

____49.Which country burns 90% of its solid waste?

a. / Great Britain
b. / The U.S.
c. / Canada
d. / China
e. / None of the above.

____50.Components of a modern state-of-the-art landfill include

a. / wells to monitor potential contamination of groundwater.
b. / collection, storage, and treatment of leachate.
c. / a cover to prevent water from seeping in when the landfill is full.
d. / methane gas recovery well.
e. / All of these answers.

____51.It is generally accepted that enforcement of Superfund could be improved by

a. / creating a form of triage in which hazardous-waste sites are classified by severity and the worst ones get treated first.
b. / involving people and local governments where sites are located in the decision-making process.
c. / setting up an Environmental Insurance Resolution Fund.
d. / All of these answers.
e. / None of these answers.

____52.Deep-well disposal of liquid hazardous wastes is

a. / a complex process.
b. / less visible than other waste-disposal methods.
c. / more carefully regulated than other waste-disposal methods.
d. / the most expensive waste-disposal method.
e. / All of these answers.

____53.Deep-well injection of hazardous wastes can result in contamination of groundwater by

a. / surface wastes leaching down.
b. / leaking seals.
c. / earthquake fractures.
d. / All of these answers.
e. / None of these answers.

____54.Of the following methods of reducing hazardous wastes, the most desirable is

a. / recycling and reusing hazardous wastes.
b. / substitution of safer products that don't produce hazardous wastes.
c. / conversion into less hazardous and nonhazardous materials.
d. / incineration.
e. / perpetual storage.

____55.The most comprehensive and effective hazardous-waste detoxification program is in

a. / France.
b. / Denmark.
c. / Norway.
d. / Yugoslavia
e. / United States

____56.A serious pollutant that accumulates in human bones because it is not excreted is

a. / phosphate.
b. / nitrate.
c. / lead.
d. / oxygen-demanding waste.
e. / mercury.

True/False

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

____57.There is no vaccine to prevent HIV and no cure for AIDS.

____58.PCBs are used as plasticizers in products made with PVC, and solvents in many consumer products.

____59.Although infectious diseases have decreased, human health is still threatened by pesticide-resistant insects and bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics.

____60.The three largest viral diseases are influenza, hepatitis B and SARS.

____61.Evaluating relative health risk for an individual involves looking at a populations' environmental conditions, food resources, and military security.

____62.Research has indicated that long-term exposure to some chemicals at low doses may disrupt the body's immune, nervous, and endocrine systems.

____63.After poverty and gender, the greatest risks people face are mainly from lifestyle choices.

____64.A transmissible disease is caused by something other than a living organism and can spread from one person to another.

____65.All chemicals in commercial use were screened for toxicity before they were acceptable for use.

____66.Under the precautionary principle approach, chemicals would be assumed safe until scientific research could support otherwise.

____67.Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.

____68.Malignant tumors may take years to detect if they travel via the blood to various parts of the body.

____69.The widespread use of vaccines could improve human health and decrease death rates more than any other effort.

____70.Each day the average American produced about 2.0 kilograms (4.5 pounds) of municipal solid waste--70% more than in 1960.

____71.Both solid waste and hazardous waste disposal today compromise the environment.

____72.The ecoindustrial revolution sacrificed ecological concerns for heavy manufacturing operational needs.

____73.Waste reduction is the preferred solution to managing solid wastes because it does not try to avoid the issue of economic growth.

____74.Most scientists think that waste management should be the last priority for dealing with material use and solid waste.

____75.The natural priorities list identifies hazardous waste sites and clean up these sites based on priority and severity.

____76.Paying a product's full cost would enable recycling to be more feasible in today's market.

Completion

Complete each statement.

77.The construction of a nuclear power plant in a city would increase the inhabitants' concern of ______.

78.The majority of Americans are poor at ______because of misleading information and irrational fears.

79.A(An) ______is a chemical that adversely affects the health of a human or animal by causing injury, illness, or death.

80.A large-scale outbreak of an infectious disease in an area or country is called a(an) ______.

81.In terms of the number of premature deaths per year and reduced life span, the greatest risk by far is ______.

82.Although they could be safe if sites are chosen carefully, ______may have leaks from corrosion or spills as well as fractures.

83.______occurs when waste is made into new products of the original type.

84.Japan embraces resource exchange and most of the country's municipal solid waste is sent to ______to produce steam.

85.In the United States, ______regulates a small percent of all hazardous waste.

86.______systems charge consumers for the amount of garbage picked up but do not charge for the amount of materials separated that can be recycled.

Other

Exhibit 18-1

87.How many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would live, if AIDS could be eradicated?

88.How many more women between 20 and 24 years of age would live, if AIDS could be eradicated?

89.At which age are females more likely to day from AIDS than males?

Exhibit 22-01

90.Explain how recycling reduces energy demand and makes fuel supplies last longer.

PRACTICE TEST HUMAN HEALTH AND SOLID WASTES (CH. 18,22)

Answer Section

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.ANS:EPTS:1DIF:MTOP:Risks and Hazards

2.ANS:APTS:1DIF:E