Pompeii Was Located on the Ocean, on the Bayofnaples
ALC1 Chapter 2 Vocabulary (p.9)
Bay of Naples
Pompeii was located on the ocean, on the BayofNaples.
79 C.E. 79 years after the birth of Christ
In the year 79 C.E., a young Roman boy was visiting his uncle in Pompeii.
sight a scene; a view
Pliny saw a frightening sight.
ash residue left when material is consumed by fire; very small particles of mineral matter that a volcano sends out
Rock and ash flew through the air.
toflee to run to escape from danger
Many people were able toflee the city and to escape death.
tobeburiedalive to be covered by ash or dirt completely while still living and then to die
These unlucky people were buriedalive under the ash.
todig to turn up the ground or soil with a shovel
An Italian farmer was digging on his farm.
archaeologists scientists who study the remains of ancient civilizations
Archaeologists began to excavate―to dig―in the area.
ruins the remains of destroyed buildings or cities
Today tourists come from all over the world to see the ruins of the famous city of Pompeii.
ALC1 Chapter 4 Vocabulary (p.23)
tolinktogetherintoagiganticnetwork to connect and form an extremely large network
The Internet consists of millions of computers, all linkedtogetherintoagiganticnetwork.
toequipwithsoftware to supply a program, or set of instructions, that tells the computer to perform some activity
These computers are equippedwith special communication software
monthlycharge an amount of money to be paid each month, usually for a service such as telephone service
An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides Internet service for a monthlycharge.
inturn in correct order or sequence
Local ISPs connect to larger ISPs, which inturn connect to even larger ISPs.
hierarchy a pyramid-like organizational structure such as found in businesses and the military, where the few at the top have the most power
A hierarchy of networks is formed.
tobreakdown to separate into parts or pieces
The data, or information, in an e-mail message, a Web page, or a file is first brokendown into tiny packets.
route a way to reach a place
destination the place that someone or something is going
The router then decides the best route to send the packet on its way to its destination.
toimagine to form a mental picture
Imagine that you want to send a friend a book, but you can send it only as postcards.
postalagent person who works for the post office or a mail service and who has the authority to make decisions
Many postalagents may look at the addresses on the postcards in order to decide the best route to send them off on to reach their destination.
ALC1 Chapter 5 Vocabulary (p.28)
cooing noises soft and gentle sounds like the sounds a pigeon makes
The first stage begins in a few weeks when they start to make cooing noises when they are happy.
tobabble to make and play with meaningless sounds like “goo-goo-goo”and “da-da-da”
Around four months of age babies begin to babble.
toinvent words to create their own special words
These first words are words that they invent for themselves; for example, a baby may say “baba” for the word “bottle,” or “kiki”for “cat.”
toacquire words to learn words
In the next few months, the baby will acquire quite a few words and begin to use them to communicate with others.
telegraphic in the style of a telegram, that is, expressed in as short a way as possible
essential basic, necessary, required
This language is often called telegraphic speech because the baby omits all except the most essential words.
toovergeneralize to use a rule too freely; to use a rule where it doesn’t fit
They also begin to overgeneralize these grammar rules and make a lot of grammar mistakes.
ALC1 Chapter 7 Vocabulary (p.43)
destructivedamaging; causing ruin
torush to move forward very quickly; to speed
A tidal wave is a very large and destructive wall of water that rushes in from the ocean toward the shore.
storms heavy, windy rainfalls or snowfalls
Do you know that tidal waves are not caused by storms?
toshift to change position
When a seaquake takes place at the bottom of the ocean, the ocean floor shakes and trembles and sometimes shifts.
topredict to tell in advance; to foretell
Today scientists can predict when a tidal wave will hit land.
towarn to advise of coming danger
It is possible to warn people that a tidal wave is coming.
ALC1Chapter 8 Vocabulary (p.49)
reference books books where one can look up factual information, usually arranged by alphabet, topics, or dates
Formal written language is found in reference books such as encyclopedias.
ceremoniesformal activities associated with special occasions
You will hear formal language at ceremonies such as graduations.
to tend toto be likely or inclined to
We tend to use spoken formal language in conversations with persons we don’t know well.
colleaguesfellow workers in a profession; professional equals
Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family, and friends.
diariesdaily written records of what we do, think, or feel, usually kept private
Informal language is also used when we write personal notes or letters to close friends, as well as in diaries.
in authority in a position of power over other people
I would use formal English with a stranger or someone in authority.
teammatesfellow members of a team, usually a sports team
Classmates, teammates, family members, friends, etc., will generally speak in an informal fashion.
interactingentering into relationships, social or professional
The difference between formal and informal usage can be learned by observing and interacting with native speakers.