Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and heavy metals in road dusts from a plastic waste recycling area in north China: implications for human health
Zhenwu Tanga,b, Qifei Huangb*, Yufei Yangb, Zhiqiang Nieb, Jiali Chengc*, Jun Yangd, Yuwen Wanga, Miao Chaia
aMOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy and Environmental Systems Optimization, Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
bState Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
cNational Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
dCenter for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Lists:
S 1 Non-carcinogenic risk assessment
S 2 Tables
Table S1 Input parameters and values used to estimate the average daily dose and hazard quotient in the non-cancer risk assessment
Table S2 Summary of reference dose (RfD) and dermal absorption factor (ABS) of heavy metals and PBDEs
Table S3 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (ng g-1 dry wt) in dust samples from the plastic waste recycling area and from other areas
Table S4 Means and ranges of individual metal concentration (µg g-1 dry wt) in dusts from the waste plastic recycling area and from other areas
Table S5 Pearson’s correlations matrix between the contents of heavy metals and total organic carbon (TOC) in dusts
S 3 Figures
Fig S1. Plot of PC1 versus PC2 from the principal components analyses of dust samples collected from the waste plastic recycling area. Data for the commercial formulations were taken from a report by La Guardia et al. (2006)
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S 1 Non-carcinogenic risk assessment
Non-carcinogenic risk assessment.
According to the Exposure Factors Handbook (USEPA 2001), the average daily doses (ADDs) (mg kg-1 day-1) through ingestion (ADDingest), dermal contact (ADDdermal), and inhalation (ADDinhale) for both adults and children were estimated using Eqs. as follows: ADDingest = Csoil × IngR × EF × ED / BW / AT × 10-6, ADDdermal = Csoil × CA × AF × ABS × EF × ED / BW / AT × 10-6, ADDinhale = Csoil × InhR × EF × ED / PEF / BW / AT, where ADDingest, ADDdermal and ADDinhale are the daily amounts of exposure to metals through soil ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation absorption, respectively; Csoil is the concentration of metal in soil; IngR and InhR are the ingestion and inhalation rates of soil, respectively; EF is the exposure frequency; ED is the exposure duration; BW is the body weight of the exposed individual; AT is the time period over which the dose is averaged; PEF is the emission factor; SA is the exposed skin surface area; and AF is the adherence factor. Values for each factor were selected by using reference standards from the USEPA and real data for Chinese locations, given in Table S1. ABS is the dermal absorption factor, given in Table S2.
The human non-cancer risk effects from metals can be assessed using the hazard quotient (HQ), which is the ratio of the ADD to the reference dose (RfD, mg kg-1 day-1) of a heavy metal for the same exposure pathway. The values of RfD for each metal are given in Table S2.
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S 2 Tables
Table S1 Input parameters and values used to estimate the average daily dose and hazard quotient in the non-cancer risk assessment
Parameter / Definition / Unit / Value / ReferenceAdult / Children
IngR / Soil ingestion rate / mg day-1 / 100 / 200 / USEPA 1989; 2001
EF / Exposure frequency / day year-1 / 350 / 350 days/year / USEPA 1989; 2001
ED / Exposure duration / day / 30 / 6 / USEPA 1989; 2001
BW / Average body weight / kg / 60 / 15 / BMBQTS 2009
AT / Average time / day / 365×30 / 365×6 / USEPA 1989
SA / Exposed skin surface area / m2 / 4350 / 1600 / BMBQTS 2009
AF / Skin adherence factor / mg cm-2 day-1 / 0.2 / 0.7 / USEPA 2001
InhR / Inhalation rate / m3 day-1 / 15 / 5 / BMBQTS 2009
PEF / Particle emission factor / m3 kg-1 / 1.36×109 / 1.36×109 / USEPA 1989; 2001
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Table S2 Summary of reference dose (RfD) and dermal absorption factor (ABS) of heavy metals and PBDEs
Ingestion RfD(mg kg-1 day-1) / Inhalation RfD
(mg kg-1 day-1) / Dermal RfD
(mg kg-1 day-1) / ABS
(unitless)
As / 0.0003 a / 0.0000086 a / 0.000123 a / 0.03 b
Cd / 0.001 a / 0.001 a / 0.00001 a / 0.14 b
Cr / 0.003 a / 0.000029 a / 1.50 a / 0.04 b
Cu / 0.04 c / 0.042 c / 0.012 c / 0.1 b
Hg / 0.00016 a / 0.0000857 a / 0.000021 a / 0.05 b
Pb / 0.0035 c / 0.00352 c / 0.000525 c / 0.006 b
Sb / 0.0004 a / 0.000014 a / 0.000008 a / 0.001 a
Zn / 0.3 c / 0.3 c / 0.06 c / 0.02 b
BDE-47 / 0.0001 d / 0.0001 j / 0.0001j / 1 j
BDE-99 / 0.0001 e / 0.0001 j / 0.0001 j / 1 j
BDE-153 / 0.0002 f / 0.0002 j / 0.0002 j / 1 j
BDE-209 / 0.007 g / 0.007 j / 0.007 j / 1 j
Penta-BDE / 0.002 h / 0.002j / 0.002 j / 1 j
Octa-BDE / 0.003 i / 0.003 j / 0.003 j / 1 j
a BMBQTS 2009
b Chen et al. 2015
c Wei et al. 2015
d USEPA IRIS 2008a
e USEPA IRIS 2008b
f USEPA IRIS 2008c
g USEPA IRIS 2008d
h USEPA IRIS 1990a
i USEPA IRIS 1990b
j In this study, the inhalation RfD and dermal RfD of BDE-47, 99, 153 and BDE-209, penta-BDE, octa-BDE are assumed to be equal to its corresponding ingestion RfD, respectively; the values of ABS were all assumed to be equal to 1.
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Table S3 Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations (ng g-1 dry wt) in dust samples from the plastic waste recycling area and from other areas
Location / Sampling times / Sampling surroundings / BDE 209mean (min-max) / ΣPBDEs
mean (min-max) / Reference
Wen’an, China / November 2011 / Road dusts from waste plastic recycling area / 1430 (2.67–10424) / 1541 (3.23–10640) / This study
Wenling, China / October 2013 / Outdoor dusts from near workshops in e-waste recycling region / 4050 (960–10470) / 7060 (1980–15000) / Xu et al. 2015
Wenling, China / October 2013 / Dusts from main road in e-waste recycling region / 103 (82–124) / 103 (82–124)
Guiyu, China / February and September, 2004 / Dusts from road near intersection in e-waste recycling region / 271 (101–463) / 2265 (2040–2420) / Leung et al. 2011
Guiyu, China / February and September, 2004 / Dusts from main road in e-waste recycling region / 399 (45.6–633) / 2190 (1030–3070)
Gurao, China / February and September, 2004 / Road dusts from town / 25.3 (10.4–42.1) / 328 (182–502)
Shantou, China / February and September, 2004 / Outdoor dusts from Shantou University campus / 104 (103–105) / 396 (312–473)
Taizhou, China / November 2011 / Outdoor dusts from e-waste recycling area / 23790 (164–240106) / 24595 (199–244672) / Jiang et al. 2014
Qingyuan, China / October 2006; October, 2007 / Outdoor dusts from e-waste recycling area / 2416 (113–18997) / 3312 (212–25881) / Wang et al. 2010
Eastern China / July, 2009 / Dusts from urban roads in Suzhou, Nantong and Wuxi / 322(4.01–1439) / 330 ( 4.21–1471 ) / Shi et al. 2014
Shanghai, China / December 2012 / Outdoor dusts from a typical industrialized and urbanized area / 51.0 (1.61–294.8) / 73.4 (6.71–342.1) / Wu et al. 2015
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Table S4 Means and ranges of individual metal concentration (µg g-1 dry wt) in dusts from the waste plastic recycling area and from other areas
Location / Sampling times / Sampling surroundings / As / Cd / Cr / Cu / Hg / Pb / Sb / Zn / ReferenceWen’an, China / November 2011 / Road dusts from plastic recycling area / 10.1 (5.36–13.7) / 0.50 (0.15–3.04) / 112 (68.9–160) / 54.7 (20.7–554) / 0.15 (0.02–0.90) / 71.8 (18.7–589) / 10.6 (1.19–196) / 186 (58.3–2025) / This study
Nanjing, China / January, 2011 / Dusts from trunk roads / – / – / 139 (67–391) / 238 (57–4237) / – / 113 (43–832) / – / 307 (120–720) / Liu et al. 2014
Massachusetts, USA / 2008 / Road dusts / – / – / 95 (0–530) / 240 (0–2130) / – / 73 (0–1639) / – / 240 (35–1208) / Apeagyei et al. 2011
Wenling, China / October 2013 / Dusts from main road in e-waste recycling site / – / 0.80 (0.70–0.90) / 29.7 (26.5–32.9) / 45.4 (42.2–48.6) / – / 97.2 (91.9–103) / – / 89.7 (85.3–94.1) / Xu et al. 2015
Wenling, China / October 2013 / Outdoor dust from sites near workshops / – / 4.8 (ND–10.5) / 69.9 (13.6–179) / 867 (307–1790) / – / 366–6960 / 27.1 (ND–112) / 257 (96.6–523)
Guiyu, China / December 2004 / Dusts from e-waste recycling site / – / 5.00 a / 15.0 a / 740 a / – / 1000 a / – / 580 a / Leung et al. 2008
Xi’an, China / October 2011 / Dusts from nursery schools / 14.5 (6.0–38.3) / – / 160 (88.9–751) / 74.2 (36.2–162.7) / – / 176 (87.5–593) / – / 463 (184–1838) / Lu et al. 2014
39 cities in China / 1995–2011 / Road dusts from urban streets / 17.8 (3.51–48.8) / 3.67 (0.08–15.4) / 153 (52.2–420) / 144 (22.7–604) / 0.66 (0.03–1.60) / 221 (21.9–901) / – / 602 (69.6–1832) / Lei et al. 2012
Seven cities in China / – / Dusts from urban roads / – / 2.03 (1.17–3.77) / 109 (51.3–167) / 150 (95.0–197) / – / 239 (53.3–408) / – / 656 (295–1450) / Wei and Wang 2010
Kavala, Greece / July 2002 to June 2003 / Street dusts from Urban area / 13.7 (ND–85) / 0.20 (ND–1.2) / 232 (50–692) / 173 (58–508) / 0.20 (ND–3.3) / 387 (75–2500) / – / 355 (200–558) / Christoforidis and Stamatis 2009
Beijing, China / February to May 2010 / Street dusts from urban areas / – / 0.723 (0.130–5.01) / 84.7 (32.0–227) / 69.9 (5.46–623) / – / 105 (16.7–2450) / – / 222 (57.4–908) / Wei et al. 2015
a Data derived from graph
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Table S5 Pearson’s correlations matrix between the contents of heavy metals and total organic carbon (TOC) in dusts
/ As / Cd / Cr / Cu / Hg / Pb / Sb / Zn /Cd / 0.323 / 1 /
Cr / -0.192 / 0.384* / 1 /
Cu / 0.318 / 0.821** / 0.486** / 1 /
Hg / 0.086 / 0.138 / -0.036 / 0.024 / 1 /
Pb / 0.144 / 0.322 / 0.266 / 0.354 / -0.017 / 1 /
Sb / 0.337 / 0.792** / 0.435* / 0.980** / 0.035 / 0.337 / 1 /
Zn / 0.307 / 0.836** / 0.476** / 0.993** / 0.045 / 0.358* / 0.977** / 1 /
TOC / -0.304 / -0.036 / 0.140 / -0.077 / -0.234 / -0.082 / -0.144 / -0.039 /
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01
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S 3 Figures
Fig. S1 Plot of PC1 versus PC2 from the principal components analyses of dust samples collected from the waste plastic recycling area. Data for the commercial formulations were taken from a report by La Guardia et al. (2006)
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Conferences
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CEPA (Chinese Environmental Protection Administration) (1995) Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618–1995). CEPA, Beijing (in Chinese)
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