Political Science 230 Part II

Political Science 230 Part II

Roskin, pgs. 62-70

Kelleher, pgs. 51-52, IR7-16

THE COLD WAR

True or False Questions

1. Once World War II ended, the Soviets complied with the Yalta agreements of 1945, allowing for free elections in Eastern Europe whereby the local Communist parties won. True or False

2. Fearing that the Soviets would not leave Eastern Europe and were poised to invade the West, the United States initially maintained an extensive military after World War II ended. True or False

3. When the Korean conflict broke out in 1950, Truman sent American troops to Asia and Europe only after congressional approval. True or False

4. The Republican party's victories of the 1950s and the rise of McCarthyism occurred because of the increased global responsibilities assumed by the United States and the spread of communism. True or False

5. President Eisenhower had his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, announce a policy of massive retaliation using nuclear weapons for Soviet-bloc aggression. True or False

6. During the presidential campaign of 1960, John Kennedy was correct in arguing that there was indeed a missile gap that advantaged the Soviets. True or False

7. In reaction to the missile imbalance by 7 to 1 in favor of the U.S. in the early 1960s the Soviet Union tried to install medium-range missiles in Cuba. True or False

8. When the Vietnam War occurred, it was a consequence of a deeply entrenched belief that the national interest was based on containment. True or False

9. Historically, the Vietnamese people had been a passive, peaceful people living a sedentary lifestyle, accepting outside aggressive rule from the original Chinese to the later French. True or False

10. During WWII, the United States refused to work alongside the Vietnamese Communists to oust the Japanese. True or False

11. If a goal, however moral, is infeasible, trying to attain it by brute strength leads to immorality. True or False

12. Whatever else one might say of him, Nixon was the first to realize that bipolarity and containment no longer fit the world scene. True or False

13. Other Afghan ethnic groups in Afghanistan do not wish to live under a regime of Pashtun religious fanatics. True or False

14. The U.S. Congress never officially declared war against Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq. True or False

15. The key difference among the three wars in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq involved international support among our allies. In Vietnam the U.S. had it but in the latter two wars it did not. True or False

16. The rise of a powerful China is a more profound and overt threat than the former Soviet Union, according to Roskin and Berry. True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The spiritual child of Wilson's Fourteen Points, signed in 1941 with Britain before America was officially in the war: a) The Pacific Mandate, b) The Atlantic Charter, c) The American-British Alliance, d) The Peace And Freedom Charter.

2. How did Franklin Roosevelt hope to win the cooperation of Stalin prior to his death? a) By reverting back to the interwar policy of isolationism, b) By reverting back to the Wilsonian concept and trade peace, c) By using a combination of the "carrot and the stick." d) By trying to charm him.

3. The Eisenhower policy of massive retaliation for future Soviet-bloc aggression took America to the brink of nuclear war: a) 1 time, b) 2 times, c) 3 times, d) It never did because that would be insane.

4. The period of military and political tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union after World War II which did not involve direct fighting between the 2 powers: a) Deterrence, b) Detente, c) Mutually Assured Destruction, d) Cold War.

5. The Truman Doctrine: a) was initiated to return back to the isolationist policies of the inter-war years, b) was a negotiated and compromised settlement that assured Soviet cooperation after World War II, c) was instituted to integrate the economies of Eastern Europe and the U.S. to prevent tensions and conflicts, d) was a U.S. policy of actively opposing the Soviets worldwide.

6. Begun in 1948, it pumped $12 billion into war-torn Europe by the U.S. to prevent communist expansion and was a major part of American containment policy: a) The Marshall Plan, b) The Open Door Policy, c) The Eisenhower Doctrine, d) The Dulles Development Strategy.

7. When George Kennan wrote his famous Article "X" for Foreign Affairs Quarterly in 1947, he argued that: a) the Soviet Union wanted to establish peaceful relations with the West, b) although the Soviet Union hated the West, it accepted the status quo, c) the Soviet Union was geared for expansion both on ideological and geopolitical grounds, d) the Kremlin leaders were seeking answers from the West for developing and stabilizing their society.

8. George Kennan believed that over time, the policy of Containment would: a) isolate the Soviet Union into becoming more belligerent, b) bring the Soviet system to its knees allowing the U.S. to destroy it, c) result in permanent blocs of nations between democracy and communism, d) eventually lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union or its gradual mellowing.

9. According to Roskin and Berry, U.S. involvement in Vietnam becomes intelligible in the context of the following: a) the Cold War, b) the Congress, c) the State Department, d) the Pentagon.

10. What did President Eisenhower mean when he used the metaphor, "falling dominoes?" a) He was referring to the need to hold up the military from cuts in the federal budget, b) He used it to explain what would happen if one more country in Southeast Asia fell to the Communists, c) He disliked his political adversaries, identifying them as dominoes to be pushed aside whenever they disagreed with his policies, d) He believed the United States was one of many dominoes that had to play a role internationally.

11. Roskin and Berry argue that we would have "won" in Vietnam had we: a) let the military make all the decisions, independent of civilian control, b) been willing to use nuclear weapons, c) stayed out militarily and later signed trade agreements with a unified Vietnam, d) brought in the United Nations.

12. Under Eisenhower, U.S. policy toward Vietnam was: a) to support its independence, b) to send thousands of American military troops to prevent a Communist takeover, c) to ignore it because it was deemed as having no national security interests, d) to send only advisors.

13. In 1964, Lyndon Johnson ran on a platform of: a) stopping the Vietnamese Communists from coming to power, b) a peace platform, c) promising to provide material and technical support to South Vietnam but no ground combat forces, d) using China as a means to get the North Vietnamese to stop their aggression.

14. A strategy devised by the Nixon administration to not lose in Vietnam that would turn over military responsibility to the Saigon government: a) Vietnamization, b) Strategic hamlets, c) Vietnamese Pacification, d) Viet Stabilization.

15. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam that the U.S. helped train and equip was: a) a seasoned, effective fighting force willing to engage the enemy, b) corrupt free but what it lacked in experience more than made up for in enthusiasm and loyalty to country, c) effective initially but just needed a little more time to gel; the Americans abandoned them too early, d) never much good at anything with low morale and leaders selected based on family and personal connections.

16. What was it in Vietnam that gave communism its strength? a) Communist ideology, b) the ability to eliminate corruption, c) nationalism, d) Soviet support.

17. We must ask not only what our goals are but whether they can be achieved without doing more harm than good: a) feasibility, b) maneuverability, c) flexibility, d) objectivity.

18. The generation that forgets what war is like is more inclined to engage in it. a) denial theory, b) forgetting theory, c) intuitive theory, d) adaptable theory.

19. The Roman historian Tacitus showed some guilt over what Rome had done during its conquest and subjugation of: a) Prussia, b) Russia, c) England, d) Alexandria.

20. Roskin and Berry envision the following two entities as posing a threat to the national security interests of the U.S. a) Eastern Europe and Russia, b) Islamist terrorism and China, c) Shortages of energy and global warming, d) human rights and hunger.

Fill-in Questions

1. Prior to the U.S. entering World War II, the Atlantic Charter specified America & Britain war aims:

a) Neither sought ______aggrandizement, but ______,

b) _____-______for all nationalities,

c) freedom of ______and the _____,

2. What were the three interlocking policies of military, economic and ideological opposition initiated in the spring of 1947 to stop the growth of Soviet Power?

a) the ______Doctrine,

b) the ______Plan,

c) and George ______"X" article which articulated containment.

3. What conditions made the policy of containment more expensive?

a) The ______exploded their own ______bomb,

b) ______fell to communism,

c) the ______War broke out.

4. German sociologist Karl Mannheim argued that great events put their mark on an entire generation who carry the attitudes formed in their young adulthood all their lives. For example:

a) World War I produced a war-weary "______" throughout Europe and the U.S.

b) The ______produced people who forever craved ____ security and welfare measures.

c) ______made many Americans cautious about any U. S. ______intervention overseas.

5. What are some of the major differences in the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam?

a) the terrains were vastly different. Vietnam is mainly ______; Iraq is mainly dessert; Afghanistan is mainly rugged ______that favors insurgents.

b) the Vietnam War used ______draftees but no reservists; Iraq used no draftees but many reservists; Afghanistan uses some reservists.

c) All three wars were fought at least partly by ______, but the Communists in Vietnam were united and under Hanoi’s central control. Iraqi and Afghan insurgents, drawn from ______, are ______with no one in overall control.

6. What are some of the similarities among the three wars in Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq?

a) Anti-U.S. ______is the chief motivator for insurgents in all three countries.

b) Both Iraq, invented by the British in the 1920s, and South Vietnam, invented by the Americans in the 1950s, were ______countries whose regimes had little ______.

c) Afghanistan was never a ______country.

d) The chief weaknesses in all three were ______, not military—namely, corrupt and inept governments that enjoyed little ______support.

7. According to Thomas Aquinas, what is a "just war?"

a) It aimed at defending and reestablishing ______,

b) The cause itself was _____,

c) ______were not harmed,

d) The means used were ______to its ends.

8. What are the 4 schools of U.S. Foreign Policy articulated by Walter Russell Mead in 2001?

a) Hamiltonian, a ______-______approach that seeks to make America secure and powerful by ______means.

b) Wilsonian, an ______of peace through ______, and international law and organizations.

c) Jeffersonian, a caution that too much foreign involvement can _____ domestic American institutions and throw away lives and money in unnecessary _____.

d) Jacksonian, the view of the common man, is often ignorant and indifferent but turns to _____ when America is ______.

State Primacy

Kelleher, pgs. 51-52

True or False Questions

1. The state primacy perspective of the world defines the superiority of types of systems. True or False

2. The state primacy perspective argues for universal similarity in cultures and centralized power among states. True or False

3. From the state primacy perspective there is no inherent evil in the multiethnic state as long as state identity takes priority over ethnic identities. True or False

4. History does not provide many instances where wars were fought primarily on ethnic grounds; therefore, state primacy advocates have little to be concerned about the rise of ethnic pride. True or False

5. According to Kelleher and Klein, the fact is, members of an elite group in the state tend to be composed of individuals of similar ethnic backgrounds, a circumstance that is unimportant when it comes to state security. True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The placing of one's primary loyalty in the state: a) cultural relativism, b) group loyalty, c) state induction, d) patriotism.

2. During World War II, the following group volunteered for military service in the U.S. at a far greater rate than other Americans: a) African Americans, b) Native Americans, c) German Americans, d) Japanese Americans.

3. During World War II, the U.S. military benefited by using the following language in code when sending classified messages preventing German code breakers from deciphering it: a) Spanish, b) street lingo, c) Navajo, d) Apache.

4. Advocates of the state primacy point of view would likely: a) embrace ethnic diversity in the state because it brings greater vitality, b) believe that different cultures must be respected and the state has a responsibility to assure their maintenance, c) call patriotism and diversity incompatible with the state servicing new ideas and competition, d) have a great distrust of those that emphasize cultural diversity and ethnic maintenance.

5. Taking a superior position over others and trying to control their actions based on the assumption that "it is for their own good:" a) paternalism, b) accommodation, c) development, d) modernization.