Name ______Date______Period ______
Plants Chapter 21-29
AHSGE Std. 10
Nonvascular Plants- Reproduction andsurvivaldepend on water. Theymust live in moist environments. Ex: mosses, liverwarts, hornwarts.
Fill out this chart Using pg. 577 in the book.
Plants / Division / Origins / Adaptations
Nonvascular / Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
/ Liverworts were the first land plants.
Originated 440 million Years ago. / -Have rhizoids to help anchor the stem in soil.
-Grow in clumps or masses
Non-seed Vascular / -club moss
-Horse tails
-Ferns
/ -Devonian Period
-375 million yrs ago / - have leaves that form structures that protect reproductive cells.
Seed Vascular / -Cycads
-Ginkgo Biloba
-Gnetophyta
-Conifers
-Anthophyta
/ -360 million yrs ago during the Paleozoic Era.
-Conifers= 250 million yrs ago. / -seeds surrounded by a fruit or carried on scales of a cone.
-Can grow in a wide variety of habitats.
Name ______Date______Period ______
Vascular Plants
Examples: Ferns, Club mosses
Vascular tissue—tissue in plant that transports food/water
Vascular refers to veins.
Xylem: transports water and minerals
Phloem: transports food/nutrients
not all plants have vascular tissue
Is a basis for dividing plants into different phyla
Seedless Vascular Plants
have vascular system, but do not produce seeds
ex: fern
Leaves= fronds
Produce spores
3 divisions
Lycophyta – club mosses
Arthrophyta- horsetails
Pterophyta- ferns
Vascular Seed Plants
Seed—protective structure where embryonic plant can be stored until conditions are favorable for growth.
Two types of seed plants
Gymnosperms (4 phyla)
Angiosperms (1 large phylum)
Gymnosperms
Seeds are not protected by a fruit
Examples:
Ginkgo biloba
Conifers—plants with seeds inside cones and needle-like leaves
Pines, firs, cedars, redwoods
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
Seeds are protected by fruit
Produce fruits with 1 or more seeds
Fruit—ripened ovary of flower
Fruit aid in seed dispersal
Examples: maple trees, apple trees, wildflowers, herbs, azaleas, grass, oak trees, poplar trees
Two types of Angiosperms
Monocot
Ex: corn, grass
Dicot
Ex. trees, shrubs, sunflowers , most flowers
Flower Structure
Plant Adaptations to Living on Land
cuticles—_waxy coating on the outside of plant that prevents water loss
Leaves—broad flat structures (usually) that trap light for photosynthesis
Roots—structures that allow plants to obtain water/nutrients from soil
Stem- plant organ that provides support for growth and food storage.
spores and seeds—structures that keep reproductive cells from drying out.
Xylem- transports water & dissolved substances
Phloem—transports dissolved food/nutrients.
Plant Tissues
Stomata-Controls the exchange of gases; Helps control water loss.
Guard Cells-control the openingclosingof the stomata
Flowers are reproductive structures for angiosperms
Produce fruit and seeds
Process of Angiosperm Reproduction
Pollination—transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma
Happens before fertilization
Pollen is transferred to stigma by wind or animals
After pollen lands, a pollen tube grows
Pollen tube—extension that allows sperm to reach egg inside ovary
Angiosperms have “double fertilization” meaning one sperm fertilizes egg and other sperm joins with another cell to form endosperm (nutrients).
Seeds contain both endosperm and embryonic plant