Goal 2

Physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.

ORGANIC MOLECULES

Contain ______; Molecules of ______things (or once living); Make up all ______things

Examples:

Carbohydrates

Long chains of simple ______(monosaccharide) form ______, ______(simple sugar): glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose; ______(complex): cellulose, glycogen, starch

Proteins

Proteins – long chains of ______; joined by ______bonds; forms a ______

Examples are ______, insulin and ______

Lipids

Subunits are ______and ______; fats, ______, and waxes; phospholipids, ______, cholesterol; cell membranes, sex hormones

Nucleic Acids

DNA and ______; subunits are ______; carries ______information; composed of ______, ______, and ______bases

DNA (____, ____, ____, ____)

RNA (____, ____, ____, ____)

Functions of macromolecules

Carbohydrate  ______; Proteins ______, growth, ______; Lipids long term ______storage, cushioning, ______; Nucleic Acids instructions on how to make ______

Food Tests

Benedict’s solution is a test for ______.; it starts _____and turns ______if heated; iodine is a test for ______. It starts as a _____color and turns ______or blue/black; lipids turn brown paper ______; proteins-biurets turns ______

Structure and Function of Cells

______are the basic unit of all living things.

CELL ORGANELLES

Nucleus – contains ______, regulates the ______of the cell; plasma (cell) membrane - regulates what goes ______and ______the cell; mitochondria – where ______respiration occurs; ribosomes – where ______synthesis occurs; cell wall – made of ______, protects ______cell and gives it ______; vacuoles – store ______, water or ______. Large in ______cells, small in ______cells; chloroplast – where ______occurs.

Microscopes

Eyepiece x Objective = ______Magnification

Examples:10x x 4x = ______x

Hierarchy of cell organization

______Tissues  ______Organ systems

Structure and Function

Nerve cells structure is well suited to carrying ______impulses through the body; Red blood cells smooth ______shape is well suited to traveling through ______vessels; ______cells need a great deal of energy, so they have many mitochondria located in them.

Plant cells Animal cells

Cell wall No cell ______

______vacuoles ______vacuoles

ChloroplastsNo ______

______shape ______shape

Cell Communication

Messages can travel from one nerve cell to another.

Homeostasis:

Example – regulation of ______(sweating, blood vesselsdilate)

Example – pH of ______(______in blood help to keep blood from becoming too ______or too ______)

Cell Transport

  1. Passive transport(no energy)
  1. Diffusion:
  2. Osmosis:

2. Active transport (requires energy): movement of ______from an area of ______concentration to ______concentration.

Semi permeable membrane: allows ______molecules to pass through but not ______ones.

Characteristics of Enzymes

Specific fit with ______so each ______has special job.(lock and key); made of ______; enzyme can be ______after it has done its job; catalyst; necessary for all biochemical ______; environmental changes can ______enzymes (change their chemical structure and make them ______)

Examples: pH, temperature

Function of ATP

Adenosine Tri-______; made from ribose, adenine, and three ______molecules; ______storage molecule.

Energy is stored when phosphate bond is ______, and released when the bond is ______(makes ADP); Important cycle in ______and ______; when high energy phosphate bond is ______ energy is ______and ______is made.

Cellular Respiration: all living organisms do respiration

Anaerobic Respiration: without oxygen

2 Types

1) ______fermentation produces alcohol (yeast)

2) ______fermentation produces lactic acid (muscle cells and bacteria)

Aerobic Respiration: with oxygen; more efficient; occurs ______

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP

Anaerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration

Without oxygenWith Oxygen

CytoplasmMitochondria

2 ATP 36 ATP

Yeast, bacteria Multicellular organisms

24/724/7

Photosynthesis: how plants take ______from sun and make ______; only occurs during the ______; plants, algae, blue-green ______