Phylogenetic Tree in Phylip Style Used in the Analyses

Cognitive skills and bacterial load: Comparative evidence of costs of cognitive proficiency in birds, Naturwissenschaften, Soler JJ, Peralta-Sánchez JM, Martín-Vivaldi M, Martín-Platero AM, Flensted-Jensen E and Møller AP

Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (CSIC), Almería, Spain;

Log-transformed values of body mass, brain mass, population size, feeding innovation and research effort, and arcsine transformed values of rejection rates of bird species with information on eggshell bacterial loads. Residual eggshell bacterial loads in ranks after controlling for the effect of country shown for mesophilic bacteria (TSA), Enterococcus (KF), Staphylococus (VJ), and Gram negative Enterobacteriaceae (HK). N refers to number of nests sampled for estimates of eggshell bacterial load.

Body mass
(log) / Brain mass (log) / Pop. Size
(log) / Feed. innov.
(log) / Res. Effort
(log) / Rej. Rates
(arcsin) / Res. TSA
(ranks) / Res. KF
(ranks) / Res. VJ
(ranks) / Res. HK
(ranks) / N
Acrocephalus scirpaceus / 1.072 / 0.488 / 6.585 / 0.672 / 10.500 / 10.492 / -36.872 / -9.131 / 9
Anas platyrhynchos / 3.049 / 0.599 / 6.623 / 0.903 / 3.272 / -15.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 6.869 / 2
Apus apus / 1.598 / 0.578 / 7.077 / 0.000 / 2.656 / -35.500 / 4.492 / 15.628 / -21.131 / 6
Burhinus oedicnemus / 2.665 / -0.263 / 4.792 / 0.000 / 2.274 / 25.724 / -43.759 / -46.979 / 40.000 / 1
Buteo buteo / 2.907 / 0.250 / 5.980 / 1.301 / 3.006 / 42.000 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 16.869 / 1
Carduelis cannabina / 1.278 / 0.747 / 7.279 / 0.301 / 1.903 / 0.000 / 12.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -1.131 / 2
Carduelis carduelis / 1.193 / 0.596 / 7.312 / 0.477 / 2.373 / -16.276 / -18.259 / -46.979 / -22.500 / 3
Carduelis chloris / 1.442 / 0.442 / 7.362 / 0.845 / 2.465 / 0.492 / 8.112 / 9.866 / -11.925 / -11.815 / 10
Circus aeruginosus / 2.767 / 0.846 / 5.066 / 0.000 / 2.662 / -1.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -41.131 / 1
Columba palumbus / 2.694 / -0.274 / 7.114 / 0.301 / 2.442 / -12.888 / -11.384 / -2.675 / -10.815 / 30
Coracias garrulus / 2.167 / -0.279 / 4.911 / 0.301 / 2.182 / -4.276 / 23.241 / -1.479 / 5.500 / 23
Corvus corone / 2.736 / -0.321 / 7.079 / 1.505 / 2.950 / -4.888 / -9.134 / -13.425 / -16.815 / 29
Corvus monedula / 2.396 / -0.164 / 7.004 / 0.845 / 2.640 / 6.112 / -0.134 / 0.325 / -1.815 / 24
Cuculus canorus / 2.081 / 6.806 / 0.301 / 2.680 / -3.500 / 14.492 / 4.128 / -3.131 / 6
Cyanistes caeruleus / 1.070 / -0.245 / 7.505 / 1.041 / 2.932 / 0.000 / 29.112 / -38.384 / 11.575 / 19.185 / 23
Cygnus olor / 4.031 / -0.071 / 5.013 / 0.000 / 2.900 / -13.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 4.869 / 1
Delichon urbicum / 1.291 / -0.143 / 7.229 / 0.845 / 2.844 / 39.000 / 30.992 / -36.872 / 29.869 / 1
Emberiza cirlus / 1.376 / -0.044 / 6.556 / 1.253 / 41.724 / -43.759 / -46.979 / 35.500 / 1
Emberiza citrinella / 1.427 / -0.120 / 7.389 / 1.123 / 48.000 / 22.492 / -36.872 / 35.369 / 2
Falco tinnunculus / 2.242 / -0.307 / 5.618 / 1.362 / 3.015 / 8.112 / -6.134 / 12.075 / 7.185 / 29
Fringilla coelebs / 1.384 / -0.441 / 8.267 / 0.845 / 2.763 / 0.981 / -14.888 / -26.884 / -17.675 / -38.315 / 3
Fulica atra / 2.865 / 0.747 / 6.255 / 0.477 / 2.836 / 2.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -37.131 / 3
Garrulus glandarius / 2.209 / 0.635 / 6.978 / 1.000 / 2.330 / 25.112 / -3.134 / -21.675 / 24.935 / 2
Haematopus ostralegus / 2.725 / -0.167 / 5.574 / 0.301 / 2.916 / -33.500 / 20.492 / 18.628 / -11.131 / 4
Hirundo rustica / 1.281 / 0.771 / 7.415 / 1.146 / 3.042 / 0.000 / -21.888 / -8.884 / 3.825 / -17.815 / 132
Lanius excubitor / 1.825 / 0.301 / 5.512 / 0.954 / 2.566 / 0.993 / 15.724 / -8.759 / -37.479 / -4.500 / 9
Larus argentatus / 2.952 / -0.466 / 6.183 / 1.204 / 3.206 / 18.500 / 28.992 / -3.872 / 42.369 / 10
Larus canus / 2.587 / -0.009 / 6.019 / 0.903 / 2.722 / 22.500 / 27.992 / -36.872 / 32.869 / 2
Larus ridibundus / 2.448 / 0.176 / 6.267 / 1.398 / 3.076 / 32.500 / 31.992 / 17.628 / 38.369 / 10
Mergus merganser / 3.215 / 0.129 / 4.782 / 0.000 / 2.547 / -42.000 / -37.508 / 21.628 / -5.131 / 1
Motacilla alba / 1.317 / 0.232 / 7.290 / 0.954 / 2.571 / 0.921 / -37.500 / -13.508 / -36.872 / -33.131 / 2
Motacilla cinerea / 1.239 / -0.198 / 6.068 / 0.000 / 2.364 / 1.253 / -7.500 / 0.492 / -36.872 / -23.131 / 5
Muscicapa striata / 1.190 / -0.287 / 7.255 / 0.903 / 2.286 / 0.854 / 34.500 / 29.992 / -36.872 / 41.369 / 1
Oenanthe leucura / 1.553 / -0.332 / 4.002 / 0.000 / 1.531 / -6.276 / -10.259 / -39.479 / -18.500 / 19
Oenanthe oenanthe / 1.379 / 0.287 / 6.944 / 0.477 / 2.465 / 0.243 / -28.276 / -43.759 / -46.979 / -30.500 / 1
Parus ater / 0.966 / 0.200 / 7.312 / 0.602 / 2.491 / 29.112 / -20.634 / -22.425 / 15.185 / 4
Parus major / 1.267 / 0.313 / 7.836 / 1.176 / 3.221 / 0.409 / 14.112 / 9.866 / 11.575 / 18.185 / 73
Poecile palustris / 1.076 / 0.488 / 6.653 / 0.602 / 2.382 / 0.000 / 41.000 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 2.869 / 2
Passer domesticus / 1.482 / 0.599 / 7.985 / 1.279 / 3.211 / 29.112 / 16.116 / 10.075 / 24.185 / 65
Passer montanus / 1.336 / 0.578 / 7.568 / 0.602 / 2.671 / 26.862 / 10.366 / -15.675 / 16.685 / 38
Phoenicurus phoenicurus / 1.201 / -0.263 / 7.057 / 0.000 / 2.358 / 0.623 / -11.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 8.869 / 1
Phylloscopus collybita / 0.886 / 0.250 / 7.657 / 0.903 / 2.545 / 1.253 / 30.500 / 23.992 / -36.872 / 34.369 / 1
Pica pica / 2.358 / 0.747 / 7.122 / 1.255 / 2.959 / -16.888 / -12.384 / -5.175 / -25.815 / 295
Picus viridis / 2.287 / 0.596 / 5.975 / 0.845 / 2.121 / 39.724 / 13.241 / 25.021 / 31.500 / 3
Prunella modularis / 1.278 / 0.442 / 7.279 / 0.699 / 2.318 / 0.177 / 43.000 / -5.508 / -36.872 / 40.369 / 1
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax / 2.519 / 0.846 / 4.884 / 0.778 / 2.356 / 21.724 / -6.759 / 23.021 / -14.500 / 6
Recurvirostra avosetta / 2.450 / -0.274 / 4.677 / 0.000 / 2.449 / 8.500 / -1.508 / -36.872 / 37.369 / 10
Riparia riparia / 1.119 / -0.279 / 6.872 / 0.778 / 2.731 / 0.691 / 46.000 / 6.492 / 10.128 / 43.369 / 10
Sitta europaea / 1.378 / -0.321 / 7.122 / 0.477 / 2.441 / -27.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -44.131 / 1
Sterna paradisaea / 2.039 / -0.164 / 5.845 / 0.301 / 2.603 / 47.000 / 8.492 / -36.872 / 36.369 / 8
Streptopelia decaocto / 2.304 / NA / 6.895 / 0.477 / 2.619 / -16.888 / -40.634 / -41.925 / -12.815 / 4
Sturnus vulgaris / 1.906 / -0.245 / 7.597 / 1.146 / 3.281 / 0.490 / 14.500 / -15.508 / 13.628 / 0.869 / 10
Sylvia atricapilla / 1.275 / -0.071 / 7.568 / 1.000 / 2.715 / 1.091 / -17.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -39.131 / 1
Sylvia communis / 1.161 / -0.143 / 7.290 / 0.477 / 2.272 / 1.253 / 16.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 24.869 / 2
Troglodytes troglodytes / 0.949 / -0.044 / 7.498 / 0.301 / 2.515 / 0.267 / 6.500 / -37.508 / -36.872 / 18.869 / 1
Turdus merula / 1.982 / -0.120 / 7.785 / 1.477 / 2.936 / 0.950 / 23.862 / 3.616 / 12.575 / 14.185 / 62
Turdus philomelos / 1.848 / -0.307 / 7.447 / 1.079 / 2.540 / 0.817 / 45.000 / 25.992 / 20.628 / 39.369 / 4
Vanellus vanellus / 2.339 / -0.441 / 6.352 / 0.477 / 2.850 / -39.000 / -37.508 / -36.872 / -35.131 / 2

Phylogenetic tree in phylip style used in the analyses.

(('Cygnus_olor':2.0,('Mergus_merganser':1.0,'Anas_platyrhynchos':1.0):1.0):13.0,((('Apus_apus':1.0,'Apus_pallidus':1.0):2.0,(('Columba_livia':1.0,'Columba_oenas':1.0,'Columba_palumbus':1.0):1.0,'Streptopelia_decaocto':2.0):1.0):11.0,((('Cuculus_canorus':1.0,'Clamator_glandarius':1.0):1.0,'Fulica_atra':2.0):11.0,((('Burhinus_oedicnemus':3.0,('Vanellus_vanellus':2.0,('Recurvirostra_avosetta':1.0,'Haematopus_ostralegus':1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0,((('Larus_canus':1.0,'Larus_argentatus':1.0):1.0,'Larus_ridibundus':2.0):1.0,'Sterna_paradisaea':3.0):1.0):8.0,((('Buteo_buteo':1.0,'Circus_aeruginosus':1.0):3.0,(('Upupa_epops':2.0,('Picus_viridis':1.0,'Coracias_garrulus':1.0):1.0):1.0,(('Asio_otus':1.0,'Otus_scops':1.0):1.0,'Athene_noctua':2.0):1.0):1.0):7.0,('Falco_tinnunculus':10.0,(((('Sturnus_unicolor':1.0,'Sturnus_vulgaris':1.0):4.0,(((('Oenanthe_leucura':1.0,'Oenanthe_oenanthe':1.0):1.0,'Phoenicurus_phoenicurus':2.0):1.0,'Muscicapa_striata':3.0):1.0,('Turdus_merula':1.0,'Turdus_philomelos':1.0):3.0):1.0):3.0,((((('Petronia_petronia':2.0,('Passer_domesticus':1.0,'Passer_montanus':1.0):1.0):1.0,('Prunella_modularis':2.0,('Motacilla_cinerea':1.0,'Motacilla_alba':1.0):1.0):1.0):2.0,((('Carduelis_chloris':2.0,('Carduelis_cannabina':1.0,'Carduelis_carduelis':1.0):1.0):1.0,('Fringilla_coelebs':1.0,'Serinus_serinus':1.0):2.0):1.0,('Emberiza_cirlus':1.0,'Emberiza_citrinella':1.0):3.0):1.0):1.0,('Melanocorypha_calandra':1.0,'Galerida_cristata':1.0):5.0):1.0,('Troglodytes_troglodytes':6.0,(('Sitta_europaea':4.0,('Cyanistes_caeruleus':3.0,('Parus_major':2.0,('Parus_palustris':1.0,'Parus_ater':1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0,((('Hirundo_rustica':1.0,'Delichon_urbicum':1.0):1.0,('Riparia_riparia':1.0,'Ptyonoprogne_rupestris':1.0):1.0):2.0,(('Acrocephalus_scirpaceus':1.0,'Phylloscopus_collybita':1.0):2.0,('Sylvia_atricapilla':2.0,('Sylvia_cantillans':1.0,'Sylvia_communis':1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0,('Lanius_excubitor':6.0,('Pyrrhocorax_pyrrhocorax':5.0,('Cyanopica_cyanus':4.0,('Garrulus_glandarius':3.0,('Pica_pica':2.0,('Corvus_corone':1.0,'Corvus_monedula':1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):3.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0):1.0);

Phylogenetic signals (lambda statistics) of statistical models explaining interspecific variation in eggshell bacterial loads estimated for mesophilic bacteria, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Enterobacteriaceae. Results of probability of lambda values differing from zero and one are also shown (maximum likelihood Chi-square).

Mesophilic bacteria / Enterococcus / Staphylococcus / Enterobacteriaceae
Models
Bacteria = rejection rates
Lambda statistic / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 0.9999339 / 6.610696e-05
Test of Lambda = 0 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = 2.20, P = 0.138 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1
Test of Lambda = 1 / χ2 = 11.55, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 16.45, P < 0.001 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = 13.66, P < 0.001
Bacteria = feeding innovation + research effort
Lambda statistic / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 0.1498980
Test of Lambda = 0 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = 0.445, P = 0.50
Test of Lambda = 1 / χ2 = 25.83 P < 0.001 / χ2 = 16.36, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 34.54, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 18.85, P < 0.001
Bacteria = rejection rates + feeding innovation + research effort
Lambda statistic / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05
Test of Lambda = 0 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1
Test of Lambda = 1 / χ2 = 11.46 P < 0.001 / χ2 = 13.28, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 7.55, P = 0.006 / χ2 = 10.34, P = 0.001
Bacteria = residuals of brain mass
Lambda statistic / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05 / 6.610696e-05
Test of Lambda = 0 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1 / χ2 = -0.001, P = 1
Test of Lambda = 1 / χ2 = 26.98 P < 0.001 / χ2 = 16.35, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 22.39, P < 0.001 / χ2 = 24.59, P < 0.001