Name: ______
Chapter 2
Personality and Self-Esteem
______: the qualities and traits, including behavior & feelings, that are characteristic of a specific person.
EXTROVERT: ______
INTROVERT: ______
OPTIMIST: person who focuses on the ______of things and expects a favorable outcome
PESSIMIST: person who focuses on the ______side of things and expects an unfavorable outcome
ASSERTIVE: self-assured; able to stand up for oneself and ______in an non-threatening way
PASSIVE: ______one’s feelings and yielding to others
AGGRESSIVE: communicating one’s opinions and feelings in a way that may seem ______-
I Messages
Refusal Skills
Saying the word “no”, repeat “no” if necessary, give your reasons, show that you care
1. You get up, leave the room and slam the door.
2. You say, “I want to see the program I was watching. Please change the channel back."
3. You yell, "What are you, stupid? Don't you see I'm watching my show”?
MENTAL HEALTH: the state of being ______with oneself, with others, and with one’s surroundings.
People who are mentally healthy are:
Realistic about strengths and weaknesses
Avoid high risk behaviors (drugs, tobacco, etc.)
Fun loving and are able to relax alone or with others
Able to______at themselves
View a change as a challenge and an ______
Put their talents and abilities to good use.
Able to feel enjoyment and a sense of achievement
Respect everyone’s value as a human being –including their own
How is Personality Formed?
1.Heredity: born with distinct temperaments
2.Environment: modifies traits
MODELING: ______the behavior of others
Friends, family, school, teachers, and culture
American teens spend more than 50% of their time with other teens
PEER GROUP: people who are about the same age and share similar interests
By young adulthood your personality traits are fairly well established
Still able to work to change traits with which you are not satisfied
Self-Esteem:
SELF-ESTEEM: the ______that you feel about yourself
More than any other factor, SELF-ESTEEM has a DIRECT effect on all aspects of your health- mental, social, and physical.
How is self esteem formed?
Over the years you have received feedback - messages from others that indicate who they think you are or what they think you are like.
Positive and negative feedback from parents, peers, media – both verbal and nonverbal.
A person with mostly positive feedback will have high self esteem
A person with mostly negative feedback will most likely have low self esteem and fragile mental health.
Teens with low self- esteem…
Increased chance of serious health problems
More likely ______
More likely to drop out of school
More likely to suffer from eating disorders
Improving self- esteem:
Learn to focus on strengths
Select friends who will support & encourage you to do your best
Avoid dwelling on defeat
Practice good health habits
Avoid doing things that “go along with the crowd”
Set goals for yourself
Take time each day to do something you enjoy
Avoid negative thinking
Have the ability to LAUGH at yourself
EMOTIONS: are signals that tell your body how to react – they are simply the way your body and mind respond to input
Love:
Many types of love (ex. Between family members, in marriage, and love between friends)
Felt towards places, things, & people
One of the most positive emotions people are capable of
Ability to give and receive love is essential to mental health
Empathy – is the ability to imagine and understand how someone else feels.
It is being able to “walk” in another’s shoes.
When you are empathetic, you can reach out to others and receive their gestures of warmth and caring in return.
As with all emotions, it is not healthy to be overwhelmed with concern for other’s feelings at the expense of your own needs.
Anger:- When people let their emotions carry them into anger, they face dangers of losing friendships, losing their jobs, or precipitating violence from those whose actions have upset them. Positively directing emotional energy is essential to healthy living.
Anger can be helpful or harmful
How can it be helpful???
What is the best way to deal with anger?
1. Accept and recognize feelings – DO NOT ignore them!!
2. Find a HEALTHY way to express those feelings! Go for a walk, scream, punching bag – no, not your younger brother
3. After you have calmed down…and it may take several days, think about EXACTLY what made you angry
4. Consider what constructive action you can take to improve the situation or prevent another angry episode.
Primary Emotions that cause Anger
______
Embarrassment
______
Hurt Feelings
Frustration
______
Fear:
Everyone is afraid of something
Can be helpful in saving you from life threatening situations
Can be harmful if you avoid a situation out of fear, rather than confront it
Body responses:
•Heart races
•Increased breathing
•Loss of appetite
•Loss of sleep
•Headaches
Guilt:
Can stop you from doing something you know is wrong
Too much guilt could lead to doubt in oneself
Best way to deal with guilt is to correct the situation if possible and to talk about your feelings
Happiness:
Strong positive emotion
Normal response to pleasant events in one’s life
The good feelings that result from activities which make you happy will stay with you for the rest of you life
Sadness:
Sorrow or unhappiness
Normal response to disappointing events in one’s life
Feeling usually passes quickly, but prolonged sadness could be a sign of depression
GRIEF: a period of deep sorrow
Overcoming sadness:
•Admit emotion
•Share feelings
Depression
FACTS
In 2004, among adults aged 18 or older, an estimated 14.8 percent (31.6 million adults) had experienced at least one Major Depressive Episode in their lifetime,
Everyone, will at some time in their life be affected by depression -- their own or someone else's, according to Australian Government statistics.
The rate of increase of depression among children is an astounding 23%
Depression will be the second largest killer after heart disease by 2020 -- and studies show depression is a contributory factor to fatal coronary disease
What is DEPRESSION?
Depression: - a prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness.
Reactive Depression: response to a stressful event that lasts longer but usually resolves itself over time.
Major Depression: is a medical condition requiring treatment. It is more severe and lasts longer than reactive depression, or it might be a chemical imbalance in the brain or a genetic tendency.
Depression can happen in anyone’s life.
Any race
Any social standing
Any age – 1 in 8adolescents have some symptoms
What Causes Depression?
Precise causes are not known.
Biological - genetic factors
Psycho - social factors
Ex: continued distress from a variety of identified “stressors”,
Ex: distorted, negative thinking patterns…
Contributing Factors for Depression in Teens:
Stressors such as fear of not meeting expectations of parents, teachers, others…
When things go wrong at school or at home teens may feel unsure of abilities or question how they fit in…
Facing choices about friendship, sex, alcohol, and drugs…
Facing conflicting messages from parents, teachers, friends and society…
Danger Signs in Depressed Teens
When students……
Experience a humiliating or anxiety provoking situation
Demonstrate or verbalize suicidal thoughts
Increase risk-taking behavior
Show signs of personality changes
Seriously neglect self-care
Show more than five major signs of depression for over two weeks
Signs and symptomsof depression
Prolonged sadness or unexplained crying spells
Significant changes in appetite and sleep patterns
Irritability, anger, worry, agitation, anxiety
Pessimism, indifference
Loss of energy, persistent lethargy
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness
Inability to concentrate, indecisiveness
Inability to take pleasure in former interests, social withdrawal
Unexplained aches and pains
If you experience five or more of these symptoms for more than two weeks or if any of these symptoms interfere with work or family activities.
COPING STRATEGY: A way of ______with an uncomfortable or unbearable feeling or situation – used consciously or unconsciously
Sometimes coping strategies can protect you from painful events, but if overused, they can stunt emotional growth. If depended upon too much, one may not learn to express true feelings.
Also known as:
DEFENSE MECHANISMS: An unconscious or conscious a way of defending oneself against difficult feelings
______
Refusing to recognize the existence of an emotion
______
Assuming the qualities of someone you admire
______
Making up for weakness in one area by excelling in another area
______
Making excuses for feelings and/ or actions
______
Putting your own faults onto another person
______
Fantasizing to escape unpleasant reality
______
Transferring emotions from the original source to another
______
Behaving in a manner opposite to the way you are feeling
______
Reverting to immature behavior to express emotions
______
directing your energy into a useful rather than an unacceptable goal
Other Coping Strategies
Confront situation, turn it into a positive if you can
Release energy by exercising, cleaning, etc.
Take a break by reading, walking, writing in a journal, etc.
Talk through you feelings with someone you trust
Harmful Coping Strategies
Strong emotions could cloud a person’s judgment
A person could turn to coping strategies which make the situation worse for him/ her
Acting out in violent ways
Using alcohol or drugs
Withdrawing from friends and family
References
Managing Stress
So just what is stress and what causes it???
STRESS: is a reaction of the ______to threatening or challenging events in one’s life.
You experience stress when situations, events, or people make demands on your body and mind
The Many Causes of Stress
______: something that causes stress
–Major life changes: new school, moving to a new town
–Everyday problems: lost shoe, missing keys, etc.
–Physical surroundings: crowded bus, weather, jammed locker
At moderate levels, stress can improve your ability to ______at your best
Stress can be positive!!!
Positive Stress
–Promotes growth and accomplishment
Also called ______
–Examples:
Feelings before athletic event/ musical performance
Does it help you to perform better?
YEAH FOR POSITIVE STRESS!
Stress can be Negative – who didn’t know that!
Negative Stress
–Decreases ability to concentrate and perform
–Also called ______
–Examples:
Nervous to the point of being sick to your stomach
Difficulty doing every day tasks
.
How Stress Affects the Body:
Stages of Stress –General Adaptation syndrome
•______
–Body releases adrenaline into the bloodstream
–Burst of energy
–Heart beats faster
–Increased rate of ______
–Decreased amount of blood to the skin and digestive system
–Muscles tighten
–Pupils widen
–Mind more ______-to take in information
–FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE:
a series of physical changes that prepare the body to react to stress
•______
–Body tries to recover from alarm stage and go back to normal homeostasis
A steady state or balance; the normal, balanced state of the body’s internal systems
All stressors trigger the same stress response in the body, but at different levels of intensity
•______
_ only occurs if distress continues
over a long period of time
–Body is worn down and no longer has enough energy to fight off the stressor
–More susceptible to illness, because body remains in unbalanced state
–Most likely to enter this stage if stressor is out of your control, or if stressor continues for a long time
Recognizing the Signs of Stress
______
–Muscle tension
–Headache
–Upset stomach
–Pounding heart
–Increased sweating
–Dry mouth
–Trembling/ twitching
______
–Irritability
–Anger
–Impatience
–Nervousness
–Forgetfulness
–Negative thinking
–Excessive worrying
–Loss of interest
–Begin to cry easily
______
–Loss of appetite
–Overreacting
–Drug abuse
–Sleep problems
–Hurrying
–Withdrawing from relationships
–Criticizing others
–Fidgeting
Stress and Illness
Severe or prolonged stress can affect health
Illness can be brought on or made worse by stress
–Lowered resistance to infection (body less able to fight off infection)
–Makes some conditions more difficult to control
Asthma: attacks more likely
High Blood Pressure: increased blood flow
Heart Disease: heart must work harder when under stress
Physical symptoms to stress
Headaches
Stomach aches
Dizziness
Back pain
Neck stiffness
Ulcers – mouth, tongue
Constipated/diarrhea
Wt. loss/gain
Twitches – eyelids, face
Weakness
Nausea
Overeating, or loss of appetite
Skin problems
Cold hands or feet
Excessive sweating
chest pains
Inability to sleep
High bl. Pressure
Rapid breathing
Heart palpitations
Frequent urination
Heartburn
Excessive sleeping/constant fatigue
Stress and Personality
How you react to a stressor could depend on….
–Is this situation a threat to my well- being?
–Do I have the necessary resources to meet the challenge?
Time
Skills
Experience
Energy
Just as your personality is unique, so is the way you react to
potentially stressful situations
Personality Type
______
–Behavior pattern characterized by competitiveness and a strong desire to succeed
Try to accomplish as much as possible in a short time
Driven to accomplish goals
Set high standards for self
______
–Behavior pattern characterized by calmness, less competitive, and not as concerned about accomplishment
Less likely to feel stressed if do not meet standards
Less likely to develop stress related illness
May cope with challenges by ignoring them
Few people are entirely Type A or Type B (Are your test results accurate?)
Was there a time when you showed Type A personality traits?
Why is a balance of the 2 types of personality important?
Stress and Personality
Perfectionism – is a person that accepts nothing less than excellence from him/her self
Perfectionist sometimes take things too far
Can lead to a vicious cycle of trying harder and never being satisfied
Often have trouble meeting deadlines and taking risks
Suffer from high levels of stress
How to break the cycle of perfectionism
1. not easy!!!
2. accept that you cannot be perfect
3. take pride in the things that you do well
rather than focusing on your mistakes
The result will be a lower level of stress
and an increased level of satisfaction.
Negative Thinking
Only increases a person’s stress level – makes it almost impossible for one to succeed.
One way to stop negative thinking is to “coach” yourself through an upcoming stressful event . In your mind, go through the event, step by step, giving yourself positive messages such as “You can do this”
Hardiness – some people experience a great deal of stress but do not become ill as a result. These people have what is called a “hardy” personality.
They view stressful events as challenges or opportunities rather than threats
They are deeply involved in and committed to whatever they are doing
They have a sense of control over what they are doing. They feel that they can influence the outcome of the stressful event.
Three steps for managing stress
Step one:
______: In order to manage stress, we must identify where it is coming from. Identifying the source of stress can be trickier that it might seem at first!
Step 2:
______the source of the stress, if possible. Sometimes it is possible to get rid of the source of stress. For example, a student who has too much to do can eliminate an extra curricular activity, or work fewer hours at a part time job
Step 3:
______the way we handle stress. Instead of engaging in negative thinking ( I can’t do it ) we can think positively!
We can deal with it head on, or discuss it with a supportive person.
Managing Stress
Managing stress helps to restore the balance in you life
Managing stress prevents the stressors from taking control and making you ill
Additional ways to handle stress
–Eat well
–Exercise regularly
–Express your feelings
–Say “NO” to alcohol and drugs
Stress Management Techniques
Confronting the Problem
–Devise a plan to solve the problem
–Many stressors in your life are things that you can work to change
–Direct your energy toward those things you are able to change
Time Management
–Do you often wish there were more hours in the day?
–Do you put things off until the last minute?
–Poor time management is one of the BIGGEST contributors to stress
______
Physical Activity
–Provide the body with an outlet for built up energy
–Take your mind off problems
–Give yourself a chance to relax
–Do activities that you______
______
–A state when the mind and body are resting
–Deep breathing relaxes muscles, take in more oxygen which helps the body function better
–Progressive relaxation: concentration on each group of muscles in the body one at a time
–Read a book, take a nap, listen to music, stretching, take a hot shower, etc.
–Mental rehearsal -
Practice event in your mind, imagining yourself performing at your best
–Increases confidence in ability to perform
–Often done by Olympic athletes
Getting Help When You Need It
–Recognize when stress is becoming overwhelming
–Sharing your problems often helps you to see them more clearly
______
–Laughter helps to relieve feelings of stress
–Deal quickly with stressor
–Can be harmful if laughter is used to cover up true feelings or if used inappropriately
Stress Management:
Stress Management Techniques
What do you do to manage the stress in your life?