PAST CELLS FRQ’s2018-19
2018 #2
Some pathogenic bacteria enter cells, replicate, and spread to other cells, causing illness in the host organism. Host cells respond to these infections in a number of ways, one of which involves activating particular enzymatic pathways (Figure 1). Cells normally produce a steady supply of inactive caspase-1 protein. In response to intracellular pathogens, the inactive caspase-1 is cleaved and forms an active caspase-1 (step 1). Active caspase-1 can cleave two other proteins. When caspase-1 cleaves an inactive interleukin (step 2), the active portion of the interleukin is released from the cell. An interleukin is a signaling molecule that can activate the immune response. When caspase-1 cleaves gasdermin (step 3), the N-terminal portions of several gasdermin proteins associate in the cell membrane to form large, nonspecific pores.
Researchers created the model in Figure 1 using data from cell fractionation studies. In the experiments, various parts of the cell were separated into fractions by mechanical and chemical methods. Specific proteins known to be located in different parts of the cell were used as markers to determine the location of other proteins. The table below shows the presence of know proteins in specific cellular fractions
a) DESCRIBE the effect of inhibiting step 3 on the formation of pores AND on the release of interleukin
from the cell.MAKE A CLAIM about how cleaving inactive caspase-1 results in activation of caspase-1.
A student claims the pre-infection production of inactive precursors shortens the response time of a
cell to a bacterial infections. PROVIDE ONE REASON to support the student’s claim.
b)A student claims that the NF-kB protein is located in the cytoplasm until the protein is needed for transcription. JUSTIFY the student’s claim with evidence. IDENTIFY TWO fractions where N-terminal gasdermin would be found in cells infected with pathogenic bacteria.
c)DESCRIBE the most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation on water balance in the cell in a hypotonic environment.
d)EXPLAIN how gasdermin port formation AND interleukin release contribute to an organism’s defense against a bacterial pathogen.
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2018 #6
6. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition that is associated with defects in the CFTR protein. The CFTR protein is a gated ion
channel that requires ATP binding in order to allow chloride ions (Cl-) to diffuse across the membrane.
a)In the provided model of a cell DRAW arrows to describe the pathway for production of a normal protein from gene expression to final cellular location.
b)IDENTIFY the most likely cellular location of the ribosomes that synthesize CFTR protein.
c)IDENTIFY the most likely cellular location of the mutant CFTR protein that has an amino acid substitution in the ATP-binding site.
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2018 #8
Acetylcholine receptor (AchR) proteins are found at the synapse between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Acetylcholine released from neurons binds to a specific site on the receptor proteins, which causes an ion channel in the receptors to open and allow sodium ions (Na+) to enter muscle cells. The resulting depolarization of muscle cells initiates muscle contractions. Another molecule, nicotine, can also bind to certain types of AchR proteins and activate the receptors.
A researcher is investigating two different types of AchR proteins: type 1 and type 2. To determine which stimuli activate the receptors, the researcher exposes muscle cells to different types of receptor proteins and observes the results indicated in Table 1.
a)DESCRIBE the difference in the structure AND function between AchR type 1 AND AchR type 2.
b)Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse.
DESCRIBE the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase on the muscle cells with AChR type 2.
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2017 #8
Estrogens are small hydrophobic lipid hormones that promote cell division and the development of reproductive structures in mammals.
Estrogens passively diffuse across the plasma membrane and bind to their receptor proteins in the cytoplasm of target cells.
a) DESCRIBE ONE characteristic of the plasma membrane that allows estrogen to passively cross the
membrane.
b) In a laboratory experiment, a researcher generates antibodies that bind to purified estrogen
receptors extracted from cells. The researcher uses the antibodies in an attempt to treat
estrogen-dependent cancers but finds that the treatment is ineffective. EXPLAIN the
ineffectiveness of the antibodies for treating estrogen-dependent cancers.
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2013 #6
The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells.
Based on the analysis of the data, IDENTIFY a likely primary function of each cell type and EXPLAIN how the data support the identification
2011 #1
During an investigation of a freshwater lake, an AP Biology student discovers a previously unknown microscopic organism. Further study shows that the unicellular organism is eukaryotic.
(a) IDENTIFYFOUR organelles that should be present in the eukaryotic organism and DESCRIBEthe
function of each organelle.
(b) Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles found in eukaryotes. However, prokaryotes must
perform many of the same functions as eukaryotes. For THREE of the organelles identified in part
(a), EXPLAINhow prokaryotic cells carry out the associated functions.
(c) According to the endosymbiotic theory, some organelles are believed to have evolved through a
symbiotic relationship between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. DESCRIBETHREE observations
that support the endosymbiotic theory.
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2007 #1
Membranes are essential components of all cells.
(a) IDENTIFY THREE macromolecules that are components of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell and discuss the structure and function of each.
(b) EXPLAIN how membranes participate in THREE of the following biological processes.
~ Muscle contraction
~ Fertilization of an egg
~ Chemiosmotic production of ATP
~ Intercellular signaling
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2007 B #3
A molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) has just been synthesized in the nucleus of a human cell.
a) What types of modifications may occur to this RNA before it leaves the nucleus?
b) Once in the cytoplasm, how is the mRNA translated to a protein?
c) If the cell is a secretory cell, how is the protein from part (b) eventually targeted, packaged, and
secreted to the exterior of the cell?
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2006 #1
A major distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the presences of membrane –bound organelles in eukaryotes.
a) DESCRIBE the structure and function of TWO eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles other than the
nucleus.
b) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have some non-membrane-bound organelles in common.
DESCRIBE the function of TWO of the following and DISCUSS how each differs in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
-DNA
-Cell wall
- Ribosomes
c) EXPLAIN the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells and DISCUSS an example of
evidence supporting this theory.
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2006#3
The movement of water through vascular plants is important to their survival.
(a) EXPLAIN the mechanism of water movement through vascular plants during transpiration. Include a
discussion of how the anatomy of vascular plants and properties of water contribute to this process.
(b) EXPLAIN how gas exchange affects transpiration.
(c) DESCRIBE TWO adaptations that affect the rate of transpiration in desert plants.
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2006#4
The evolution of circulatory systems allowed larger and more complex animals to arise.
(a) DESCRIBE the respiratory and digestive systems' specialized structures that facilitate the movement
of oxygen and glucose into the circulatory system of mammals.
(b) EXPLAIN how oxygen and glucose are transported within the circulatory system of mammals.
(c) EXPLAIN the transfer of oxygen and glucose from the blood and into the active cells of mammals.
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2006B #2
The relationship of structure and function is one of the major themes in biology. For THREE of the following structure/function pairs, DESCRIBE the structure and then EXPLAIN how the function is related to the structure.
(a) Enzyme structure/catalysis
(b) mRNA structure/protein synthesis
(c) Cell membrane/signal transduction
(d) Membrane protein structure/active transport or facilitate diffusion
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2004B #1
Prokaryotes are found throughout the biosphere. Answer TWO of the following.
(a) Provide THREE examples of adaptations found in various prokaryotes. EXPLAIN how these three adaptations have ensured the success of prokaryotes.
(b) DISCUSS how prokaryotes early in Earth's history altered environments on Earth
(c) DISCUSS THREE ways in which prokaryotes continue to have ecological impact today.
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2003#4.
Death is a natural and necessary part of life cycles at all levels of organization.
(a) DISCUSSTWO examples of how cell death affects the development and functioning of a multicellular
organism.
(b)DISCUSSONE example of how substances are degraded and reused in cells.
(c)DISCUSSthe evolutionary significance of death. ______
2003B #3. Water is important for all living organisms. The functions of water are directly related to its physical properties.
(a) DESCRIBE how the properties of water contribute to TWO of the following.
• transpiration
• thermoregulation in endotherms
• plasma membrane structure
(b) Water serves as a reactant and a product in the carbon cycle. DISCUSS the role of water in the carbon
cycle.
(c) DISCUSS the impact of one human activity on the water cycle. ______
2001 #4
Proteins-large complex molecules-are major building blocks of all living organisms. DISCUSSthe following in relation to proteins.
(a) The chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins
(b) The roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis
(c) The roles of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane ______
2001 #1
In biological systems, structure and function are related. Choose three of the following components of organ systems.
alveolusvillus
sarcomere capillary
nephron neuron
(a) For each component, DESCRIBE the structure of the component and explain how that structure is responsible for the function of that component.
(b) For the three components that you chose in part a, EXPLAINhow the structure of the component contributes to the functioning of the organ system to which it belongs.
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2001 #4
Proteins-large complex molecules-are major building blocks of all living organisms. DISCUSS the following in relation to proteins.
(a) The chemical composition and levels of structure of proteins
(b) The roles of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis
(c) The roles of proteins in membrane structure and transport of molecules across the membrane