The Great Reformers
Part A. Read the handout. Define the following terms and answer the questions below.
- abolitionist:someone trying to end slavery
- civil disobedience:ignoring laws or policies when they are considered unjust – developed Henry David Thoreau
- Second Great Awakening:revivalof religious feeling and beliefs in the 1820-30s
How did it contribute to reform movements?inspired many reformers to improve society
4.Temperance movement:public campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol
- Underground Railroad:secret network of abolitionists that helped runaway slaves reach freedom
- How was the women’s rights movement an offshoot of the antislavery movement?women weren’t allowed to speak about slavery in abolitionist meetings, so they began working for their own rights
- What did women at the Seneca Falls Convention demand?equal rights and right to vote
- What conditions did Dorothea Dix find in the Massachusetts prisons?crowded, mistreated, abused
- Why did reformers seek to expand public education in the 1820s?to produce educated citizen who would participate in democracy and be economically successful
- Why did temperance groups want to end the drinking of alcohol?linked to crime, domestic problems, etc.
Part B – Use chapter 14 in your textbook to answer the following questions
UTOPIAN COMMUNITIES(The Reforming Spirit)
1. Define utopian - Communities based on a vision of a perfect society
2. Name of most famous community and who founded it: New Harmony, Indiana3. Most successful community:
3. Founder: Robert Owen
4. Most successful community:Mormons
TEMPERANCE (War Against Alcohol)
4. Leader:Lyman Beecher
5. Goal: stop the sale and drinking of alcohol
6. When did this movement re-emerge? 1920s - Prohibition
EDUCATIONAL REFORMS (Education For Some)
7. Public Education Leader:Horace Mann, of Massachusetts – “Father of Public Education”
8What 4 things did education reformers want?
- Lengthen school year to 6 months
- Improve school curriculum
- Double teachers’ salaries
- Develop better ways of training teachers
HIGHER EDUCATION(Education For Some)
9. What groups founded most colleges between 1820 and 1850?Religious groups
10. What new groups were admitted to colleges in this time period?Women and African Americans
SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION (People With Special Needs)
11. Thomas Gallaudet: developed a method to educate people who were hearing impaired, opened the HartfordSchool for the Deaf in Connecticut in 1817.
12. Samuel Gridley Howe: Headed the Perkins Institute, school for the blind, in Boston. Developed books with large raised letters that people with vision impairment could “read” with their fingers
ART LITERATURE (Cultural Trends) – Uniquely American Art Literature began to appear.
13. Define transcendentalists:writers who started a uniquely American movement that stressed the relationship between humans & nature, along with the importance of the individual conscience
14. Who were the most famous? What did they write about?
a.Ralph Waldo Emerson – founder – self-reliance and American history
b.Henry David Thoreau – nature and civil disobedience
c.Margaret Fuller – women’s rights
15. Who wrote about the horrors of slavery? Title of her polarizing novel?Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin
ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT-pages 418-424 and ABOLITIONISTS (Early Efforts to End Slavery)
16. Goal: abolish (get rid of) slavery
17. Leaders (6 of them – identify who they are and what they did that was unique/different from the others)
a. William Lloyd Garrison – white abolitionist among the first to speak out against slavery; started the New England Anti-Slavery Society and published the antislavery newspaper The Liberator
b.Frederick Douglass – former slave who ran away, later went back and purchased his freedom. Published the antislavery newspaper The North Star; advised Lincoln during Civil War
c.Sarah and Angelina Grimke – sisters raised on a plantation – spoke out for abolition and women’s rights
d.Sojourner Truth – born a slave named, “Belle,” she traveled speaking for abolition and women’s rights
e.Harriet Tubman – escaped slave who became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad helping others
f. any of several people
1ST LARGE SCALE ANTISLAVERY EFFORT - American Colonization Society
18. Plan:To free enslaved workers gradually by buying them from slaveholders and sending them abroad to start new lives; started a colony of former slaves in Africa - Liberia
OPPOSITION TO ABOLITION - (Clashes Over Abolitionism, Opposition in the North)
19Why South opposed it: slaveholders and many Southerners who did NOT own slaves, opposed abolition because they believed it threatened the South’s way of life, which depended on enslaved labor.
20. 4 Reasons the North opposed it:saw the antislavery movement as a threat to the nation’s social order. Afraid abolitionists could bring a destructive war between North & South. Claimed if slaves were freed, they could never blend into American society.
WOMEN’S RIGHTS-pages 425-428 and WOMEN’S MOVEMENT (Women and Reform)
21. Goal:gain equal rights for women, including suffrage (right to vote)
22. Leaders and accomplishments (2 women)
A. Lucretia Mott –
Elizabeth Cady Stanton –
23. What convention was held and what was written:Seneca Falls Convention in New York; first convention for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments
WOMEN’S RIGHTS FOR EDUCATION (The Movement Grows)
24. Who and what wanted (3 people)
A. Lucretia Mott – Quaker wanted temperance, peace, workers’ rights, and abolition. Organized the Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society; organized Seneca Falls Convention
B. Elizabeth Cady Stanton –wanted women to have the right to vote; organized Seneca Falls Convention
C. Susan B. Anthony – a Quaker from rural New York worked for women’s rights and temperance.
ADD – Sojourner Truth – former slave who escaped; little education but spoke with wit and wisdom on abolition and women’s rights
AFFECT ON MARRIAGE AND FAMILY LAW (Marriage and Family Laws)
25. Changes by 1800s (3 changes):
New York, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Wisconsin, Mississippi, & the new state of California recognized the right of women to own property after their marriage
Some states has laws letting women share guardianship of their children jointly with their husbands.
Indiana – 1st state to let women divorce if their husbands were alcohol abusers