APPENDIX A:

Organizational Policies and Practices Items

Please tell me how muchyou disagree or agree with the following statements as they apply to the job where you got injured.

Strongly
disagree
1 / Disagree
2 / Neither disagree nor agree
3 / Agree
4 / Strongly
agree
5
PEOPLE-ORIENTED CULTURE
a) The workplace involves employees in plans and decisions made.
b) Workers have trust in the workplace.
c) Communication is open and employees feel free to voice concerns and make suggestions.
d) Working relationships are cooperative.
SAFETY CLIMATE
e) Top management is actively involved in the safety program.
f) The workplace spends time and money on improving safety.
g) The workplace considers safety equally with production and quality in the way work is done.
h) Unsafe working conditions are identified and improved promptly.
i) Equipment is well-maintained.
j) Action is taken when safety rules are broken.
k) Employees are provided training in safe work practices for the job hazards they will encounter.
ERGONOMIC PRACTICES
l) Jobs are designed to reduce heavy lifting.
m) Jobs are designed to reduce repetitive movement.
DISABILITY MANAGEMENT
n) Someone from the workplace contacts the worker shortly after an injury or illness to express concern and offer assistance.
o) The workplace works with the treating physician to develop a plan for return to work.
p) The workplace makes accommodations such as special equipment, flexible hours or modified job duties to allow injured workers to return to work.
q) After the injured worker returns to work, the workplace follows up to adjust the work situation as needed.
r) When injured workers can’t return to work, the workplace provides retraining.
s) Labour and management work as partners in returning injured workers to work.

Appendix B: Full Tables for Main Analyses

Full Table Containing All Covariates of Predictors (Odds Ratios with 95% CIs) of Return to Work at 6 months

Predictor / Unadjusted
Model 1 / Adjusted
Model 2 / Adjusted + WA
Model 3 / Adjusted + SE pain
Model 4 / Adjusted + WA + SEpain
Model 5
OPP
Low
High / 1.00
2.08 (1.32 3.28)** / 1.00
1.77 (1.07 2.93)* / 1.00
1.64 (0.97 2.77) / 1.00
1.45 (0.86 2.45) / 1.00
1.36 (0.79 2.36)
Demographics
Personal income
<20.000
20.000-39.999
40.000-59.999
>60.000 / 1.00
2.03 (1.04 3.96)*
2.03 (1.01 4.07)*
3.20 (1.36 7.53)** / 1.00
2.03 (0.97 4.22)*
1.73 (0.76 3.90)
2.46 (0.91 6.68) / 1.00
2.50 (1.14 5.46)*
2.12 (0.90 5.01)
2.93 (1.04 8.26)* / 1.00
1.93 (0.88 4.22)
1.92 (0.80 4.59)
3.34 (1.13 9.93)* / 1.00
2.21 (0.97 5.04)
2.13 (0.86 5.29)
3.62 (1.18 11.15)*
Clinical
Pain site
Back
Upper extremities / 1.00
0.69 (0.43 1.09) / 1.00
0.75 (0.46 1.24) / 1.00
0.78 (0.46 1.33) / 1.00
0.69 (0.41 1.17) / 1.00
0.71 (0.41 1.24)
Pain past month (0-10) / 0.91 (0.78 1.05) / 0.92 (0.77 1.08) / 0.91 (0.77 1.09) / 0.94 (0.79 1.12) / 0.94 (0.78 1.13)
Pyschosocial
Depression CES-D total score / 0.97 (0.95 0.99)** / 0.98 (0.96 1.00)* / 0.97 (0.95 0.99)** / 0.99 (0.97 1.02) / 0.99 (0.96 1.01)
Job/organizational
Physical demands
Low
High / 1.00
0.55 (0.33 0.91)* / 1.00
0.63 (0.36 1.09) / 1.00
0.60 (0.34 1.07) / 1.00
0.86 (0.48 1.54) / 1.00
0.78 (0.43 1.43)
Unionized workplace
No
Yes / 1.00
1.33 (0.84 2.10) / 1.00
1.12 (0.65 1.95) / 1.00
0.93 (0.52 1.65) / 1.00
1.01 (0.57 1.81) / 1.00
0.89 (0.49 1.64)
Number of employees at worksite
< 20
20-90
100-299
> 300 / 1.00
1.38 (0.77 2.46)
2.11 (1.10 4.04)*
1.55 (0.80 3.02) / 1.00
1.61 (0.85 3.04)
2.42 (1.19 4.94)*
1.49 (0.70 3.15) / 1.00
1.58 (0.81 3.07)
2.44 (1.14 5.20)*
1.37 (0.62 3.04) / 1.00
1.51 (0.77 2.93)
2.40 (1.13 5.09)*
1.32 (0.60 2.91) / 1.00
1.46 (0.73 2.90)
2.40 (1.08 5.34)*
1.25 (0.55 2.87)
Mediator
Work accommodation
Baseline)
No offer
Yes, but offer rejected
Yes, offer accepted
6 month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered / 1.00
4.59 (2.02 10.42)**
4.02 (2.32 6.95)**
1.00
5.04 (2.42 10.50)** / 1.00
4.54 (1.83 11.28)**
2.96 (1.61 5.46)**
1.00
5.99 (2.66 13.47)** / 1.00
3.44 (1.34 8.87)*
2.64 (1.40 5.00)**
1.00
4.98 (2.14 11.61)**
Self-efficacy Pain
Baseline
Change(baseline- 6 mo) / 1.51 (1.31 1.74)**
1.34 (1.18 1.53)** / 1.47 (1.23 1.75)**
1.33 (1.15 1.53)** / 1.38 (1.15 1.66)**
1.29 (1.11 1.50)**

* p <0.05 **p<0.01

Full Table Containing All Covariates of Predictors (Odds Ratios with 95% CIs) of Return to Work at 12 months

Predictor / Unadjusted
Model 1 / Adjusted
Model 2 / Adjusted + WA
Model 3 / Adjusted + SE pain
Model 4 / Adjusted + WA + SEpain
Model 5
OPP
Low
High / 1.00
2.26 (1.36 3.75)** / 1.00
2.07 (1.18 3.62)* / 1.00
1.88 (1.01 3.49)* / 1.00
2.12 (1.16 3.86)* / 1.00
1.88 (1.00 3.51)*
Demographics
Education
Some high school
High school completed
Some university/college
University/college completed / 1.00
1.55 (0.73 3.29)
1.34 (0.63 2.87)
2.27 (1.08 4.78)* / 1.00
1.60 (0.70 3.66)
1.04 (0.44 2.43)
2.09 (0.91 4.78) / 1.00
1.25 (0.49 3.18)
0.85 (0.32 2.26)
1.79 0.70 4.59) / 1.00
1.60 (0.67 3.81)
1.11 (0.45 2.74)
2.27 (0.94 5.50) / 1.00
1.20 (0.47 3.05)
0.82 (0.31 2.19)
1.75 (0.68 4.51)
Clinical
Co-morbidity
Yes vs. No / 0.47 (0.26 0.85)* / 0.47 (0.24 0.92)* / 0.54 (0.25 1.15) / 0.62 (0.30 1.29) / 0.53 (0.25 1.14)
Pain past month (0-10) / 0.79 (0.66 0.94)** / 0.86 (0.70 1.05) / 0.88 (0.71 1.09) / 0.88 (0.71 1.09) / 0.88 (0.70 1.09)
Physical health SF12v2, 0-100 / 1.03 (1.003 1.06)* / 1.02 (0.99 1.05) / 1.01 (0.98 1.05) / 1.00 (0.97 1.04) / 1.01 (0.97 1.05)
Pyschosocial
Depression CES-D total score / 0.96 (0.94 0.98)** / 0.97 (0.95 0.99)** / 0.96 (0.93 0.99)** / 0.97 (0.95 1.00)* / 0.96 (0.94 0.99)**
Job/organizational
Physical demands
Low
High / 1.00
0.45 (0.25 0.80)** / 1.00
0.62 (0.33 1.17) / 1.00
0.65 (0.33 1.31) / 1.00
0.70 (0.35 1.37) / 1.00
0.66 (0.33 1.34)
Unionized workplace
No
Yes / 1.00
1.51 (0.91 2.48) / 1.00
1.57 (0.89 2.77) / 1.00
1.40 (0.75 2.60) / 1.00
1.49 (0.82 2.72) / 1.00
1.44 (0.77 2.67)
Number of employees at worksite
< 20
20-90
100-299
> 300 / 1.00
2.21 (1.13 4.32)*
1.05 (0.54 2.03)
2.08 (0.98 4.42) / 1.00
2.50 (1.20 5.24)*
1.02 (0.49 2.15)
2.20 (0.94 5.14) / 1.00
1.90 (0.86 4.21)
0.90 (0.39 2.07)
1.77 (0.66 4.73) / 1.00
1.90 (0.88 4.11)
1.07 (0.48 2.38)
2.28 (0.48 2.38) / 1.00
1.90 (0.86 4.22)
0.95 (0.41 2.21)
1.82 (0.68 4.88)
Mediator
Work accommodation
Baseline)
No offer(ref)
Yes, but offer rejected
Yes, offer accepted
6 month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered
12month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered / 1.00
4.90 (1.68 14.28)**
4.42 (2.19 8.92)**
1.00
2.01 (0.95 4.27)
1.00
1.78 (0.56 5.69) / 1.00
5.30 (1.56 17.99)**
4.67 (2.10 10.41)**
1.00
2.65 (1.13 6.19)*
1.00
3.32 (0.81 13.61) / 1.00
5.00 (1.46 17.11)*
4.63 (2.04 10.47)**
1.00
2.66 (1.11 6.38)*
1.00
3.61 (0.86 15.19)
Self-efficacy Pain
Baseline
Change(baseline- 6 mo) / 1.29 (1.11 .151)**
1.18 (1.02 1.37 )* / 1.12 (0.93 1.35)
1.11 (0.95 1.30) / 1.03 (0.85 1.26)
1.08 (0.92 1.28)

* p <0.05 **p<0.01

Full Table Containing All Covariates of Predictors (Odds Ratios with 95% CIs) of Work Functioning at 6 months

Predictor / Unadjusted
Model 1 / Adjusted
Model 2 / Adjusted + WA
Model 3 / Adjusted + SE pain
Model 4 / Adjusted + WA + SEpain
Model 5
OPP
Low
High / 1.00
2.69 (1.83 3.96)** / 1.00
1.65 (0.99 2.75)1
3.21 (1.92 5.39)2** / 1.00
1.42 (0.83 2.42)1
2.89 (1.71 4.88)2** / 1.00
1.34 (0.78 2.32)1
2.65 (1.53 4.59)2** / 1.00
1.23 (0.70 2.16)1
2.66 (1.49 4.74)2**
Demographics
Gender
Female
Male / 1.00
1.22 ( 0.84 1.77) / 1.00
0.71 (0.46 1.11) / 1.00
0.72 (0.46 1.14) / 1.00
0.71 (0.44 1.13) / 1.00
0.73 (0.45 1.19)
Personal income
<20.000
20.000-39.999
40.000-59.999
>60.000 / 1.00
1.70 (0.94, 3.09)
1.64 (0.89 3.04)
2.48 (1.23 5.00)* / 1.00
1.98 (1.05 3.72)*
1.77 (0.89 3.51)
2.33 (1.06 5.11)* / 1.00
2.37 (1.22 4.62)*
1.93 (0.96 3.91)
2.58 (1.14 5.82)* / 1.00
1.96 (1.00 3.84)*
1.96 (0.97 3.96)
3.23 (1.38 7.54)** / 1.00
2.32 (1.15 4.67)
2.11 (1.03 4.33)
3.59 (1.50 4.67)
Clinical
Co-morbidity
Yes vs. No / 1.40 (0.76 2.57)1
0.56 (0.31 1.02) 2 / 1.92 (0.95 3.90)1
0.70 (0.36 1.33)2 / 1.94 (0.92 4.10)1
0.71 (0.37 1.38)2 / 1.92 (0.93 3.98)1
0.72 (0.36 1.44)2 / 2.01 (0.92 4.39)1
0.71 (0.34 1.46)2
Pain site
Back
Upper extremities / 1.00
0.72 (0.49 1.07) / 1.00
0.72 (0.46 1.11) / 1.00
0.69 (0.44 1.08) / 1.00
0.67 (0.42 1.07) / 1.00
0.66 (0.41 1.06)
Pain past month (0-10) / 0.85 (0.76 0.95)** / 0.89 (0.77 1.02) / 0.91 (0.79 1.05) / 0.90 (0.78 1.05) / 1.04 (0.86 1.24)1
0.83 (0.70 0.99)2*
Physical healthSF-12 (0-100) / 1.02 (0.99 1.04)1
1.05 (1.03 1.08)2** / 1.03 (1.00 1.06)* / 1.04 (1.01 1.07)** / 1.02 (0.99 1.05) / 1.03 (1.00 1.06)
Pyschosocial
Depression CES-D total score / 0.97 (0.95 0.98)1**
0.94 (0.92 0.96)2** / 0.97 (0.95 0.98)** / 0.96 (0.94 0.98)** / 1.00 (0.97 1.02)1
0.96 (0.94 0.99)2** / 0.97 (0.95 1.00)
Job/organizational
Physical demands
Low
High / 1.00
0.56 (0.37 0.83)** / 1.00
0.61 (0.40 0.94)* / 1.00
0.58 (0.38 0.90)* / 1.00
0.78 (0.49 1.23) / 1.00
0.74 (0.46 1.20)
Mediator
Work accommodation
Baseline)
No offer
Yes, but offer rejected
Yes, offer accepted
6 month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered / 1.00
4.43 (1.93 10.14)1**
2.92 (1.37 6.20)2**
4.08 (2.35 7.11)1**
1.77 (0.98 3.21)2
1.00
5.11 (2.44 10.69)1**
1.99 (0.998 3.98)2 / 1.00
5.80 (2.20 15.30)1**
2.83 (1.19 6.69 )2*
3.31 (1.75 6.25)1**
1.35 (0.70 2.60)2
1.00
6.69 (2.98 15.02)1
2.46 (1.13 5.34)2* / 1.00
4.05 (1.45 11.31)1
1.60 (0.63 4.05)2
2.90 (1.49 5.63)1
0.88 (0.43 1.82)2
1.00
4.98 (2.20 11.30)1
1.76 (0.75 4.12)2
Self-efficacy Pain
Baseline
Change(baseline- 6 mo) / 1.51 (1.30 1.75)1**
2.04 (1.70 2.44)2**
1.37 (1.19 1.58)1**
1.80 (1.53 2.12)2** / 1.60 (1.38 1.85)**
1.37 (1.18 1.59)1**
1.66 (1.42 1.95)2** / 1.34 (1.12 1.60)1**
1.79 (1.45 2.21)2**
1.25 (1.07 1.47)1**
1.76 (1.46 2.12)2**

* p <0.05 **p<0.01

1. Odds ratio of (Working with/without limitation) versus Not working

2. Odds ratio of (Working without limitation) versus (Working with limitation and Not working)

Full Table Containing All Covariates of Predictors (Odds Ratios with 95% CIs) of Work Functioning at 12 months

Predictor / Unadjusted
Model 1 / Adjusted
Model 2 / Adjusted + WA
Model 3 / Adjusted + SE pain
Model 4 / Adjusted + WA + SEpain
Model 5
OPP
Low
High / 1.00
2.49 (1.66 3.75)** / 1.00
2.13 (1.37 3.30)** / 1.00
2.02 (1.24 3.28)** / 1.00
2.10 (1.27 3.47)** / 1.00
1.84 (1.09 3.08)*
Demographics
Gender
Female
Male / 1.00
1.43 (0.96 2.14) / 1.00
0.86 (0.55 1.35) / 1.00
0.93 (0.57 1.51) / 1.00
0.97 (0.59 1.59) / 1.00
1.00 (0.59 1.68)
Education
Some high school
High school completed
Some university/college
University/college completed / 1.00
1.32 (0.69 2.52)
1.31 (0.68 2.53)
2.31 (1.24 4.30)** / 1.00
1.21 (0.60 2.41)
0.93 (0.45 1.91)
1.95 (0.99 3.85) / 1.00
0.93 (0.41 2.11)
0.70 (0.29 1.65)
1.59 (0.71 3.57) / 1.00
1.14 (0.51 2.53)
1.00 (0.44 2.29)
2.11 (0.95 4.70) / 1.00
0.83 (0.35 1.94)
0.65 (0.26 1.62)
1.59 (0.68 3.69)
Clinical
Co-morbidity
Yes vs. No / 0.37 (0.22 0.64)** / 0.37 (0.21 0.66)** / 0.42 (0.22 0.81)** / 0.46 (0.24 0.88)* / 0.42 (0.21 0.84)*
Pain site
Back(ref)
Upper extremities / 1.00
0.99 (0.65 1.50) / 1.00
0.95 (0.59 1.51) / 1.00
1.01 (0.60 1.70) / 1.00
0.84 (0.49 1.45) / 1.00
0.88 (0.50 1.53)
Pain past month (0-10) / 0.79 (0.70 0.90)** / 0.85 (0.74 0.98)* / 0.89 (0.76 1.04) / 0.89 (0.76 1.04) / 0.88 (0.75 1.04)
Physical healthSF-12, 0-100 / 1.05 (1.02 1.07)** / 1.03 (1.01 1.06)* / 1.03 (1.00 .106)* / 1.02 (0.99 1.05) / 1.03 (1.00 1.06)
Pyschosocial
Depression CES-D total score / 0.95 (0.93 0.97)1**
0.90 (0.88 0.93)2** / 0.95 (0.93 0.97)** / 0.95 (0.93 0.98)1**
0.91 (0.88 0.94)2** / 0.97 (0.94 1.00)1*
0.93 (0.89 0.96)2** / 0.96 (0.93 0.99)1*
0.92 (0.88 0.95 )2**
Job/organizational
Physical demands
Low
High / 1.00
0.48 (0.31 0.74)** / 1.00
0.62 (0.39 0.98)* / 1.00
0.68 (0.41 1.13) / 1.00
0.70 (0.40 1.20) / 1.00
0.68 (0.40 1.18)
Number of employees at worksite
< 20
20-90
100-299
> 300 / 1.00
2.22 (1.13 4.36)1*
0.87 (0.49 1.57)2
1.01 (0.52 1.96)1
0.68 (0.35 1.32)2
1.93 (0.90 4.13)1
1.07 (0.55 2.07)2 / 1.00
1.39 (0.78 2.47)
0.83 (0.44 1.55)
1.47 (0.77 2.84) / 1.00
1.09 (0.57 2.08)
0.70 (0.34 1.45)
1.23 (0.60 2.53) / 1.00
1.26 (0.66 2.43)
0.89 (0.43 1.85)
1.61 (0.80 3.22) / 1.00
1.28 (0.65 2.54)
0.84 (0.39 1.81)
1.42 (0.67 3.04)
Mediator
Work accommodation
Baseline)
No offer
Yes, but offer rejected
Yes, offer accepted
6 month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered
12 month) Offered first time at 6 month
No offer or Not first time
Yes, first time offered / 1.00
4.50 (1.55 13.02)1**
3.75 (1.63 8.62)2**
4.08 (2.05 8.14)1**
1.49 (0.80 2.77)2
1.00
1.87 (0.96 3.62)
1.00
1.58 (0.60 4.19) / 1.00
6.87 (1.92 24.59)1**
5.77 (2.05 16.23)2**
4.26 (1.95 9.32)1**
1.52 (0.74 3.10)2
1.00
2.79 (1.32 5.91)**
1.00
2.79 (1.00 7.78) / 1.00
6.51 (1.84 23.04)1**
5.50 (1.79 16.88)2**
4.54 (2.02 10.17)1**
1.32 (0.61 2.82)2
1.00
2.74 (1.23 6.11)*
1.00
3.57 (1.14 11.16)*
Self-efficacy Pain
Baseline
Change(baseline- 6 mo) / 1.31 (1.121.54)1**
1.82 (1.52 2.17)2**
1.22 (1.04 1.42)1*
1.75 (1.47 2.07)2** / 1.11 (0.91 1.34)1
1.45 (1.18 1.78)2**
1.12 (0.94 1.33)1
1.67 (1.38 2.01)2** / 1.03 (0.84 1.26)1
1.45 (1.17 1.79)2**
1.10 (0.93 1.30)1
1.70 (1.40 2.08)2**

* p <0.05 **p<0.01

1. Odds ratio of (Working with/without limitation) versus Not working

2. Odds ratio of (Working without limitation) versus (Working with limitation and Not working)